Schizophrenia and the I-function: A Hypothesis Revised :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Schizophrenia and the I-function A Hypothesis RevisedIn my second web paper, I tried to come up with arguments supporting the guessing that schizophrenia was caused by an overactive I-function. Information about positive schizophrenic symptoms (distorted perceptions of reality, hallucinations, illusions, delusions, paranoia...)(2) suggested to me that the I-function of the schizophrenic was aware of things that the I-function of the non-schizophrenic wasnt. I also felt that because reality is such a biased, individual experience, non-schizophrenics do not have the right to label the reality of the schizophrenic as false. This hypothesis is flawed.After doing more research and taking into experimental condition a suggestion from Professor Grobstein that maybe the problem is not an overactive I-function, but anomalous input to the I-function, I have reworked the hypothesis. One can facilitate validly say that the reality of the schizophrenic is real. However, it is more accurate to emphasize that the reality of a schizophrenic is only real to the schizophrenic, just as severally and every persons individual reality is actually only real to him or her. The difference between the realities of schizophrenics and the realities of non-schizophrenics is that for non-schizophrenics, information is processed in a more or less uniform way. That is, I interpret input pretty much the same way most people around me would. There are, of course, discrepancies in interpretations plain up between non-schizophrenics, hence the difficulty in relying on eye-witness accounts. For schizophrenics, though, the interpretation of input is completely different from everyone else around them due to the fact that the input is in some(prenominal) way wildly changed between the time it reaches the afferent nerve endings to the time that it ends up at the I-function.I found that an excellent way to begin to find out how schizophrenia works is by reading personal accounts. Most of the accounts I found were written by people who, with the help of medication, were in recovery from schizophrenia. They concord detailed descriptions of their lives and their thoughts before they recovered. What follows is an excerpt from Maurizios Story. Maurizio was in law school, had an active social life, and was in the top quarter of his class when he developed schizophrenia in spite of appearance a few days in October 1976 all of this came to a crashing halt as I suddenly experienced my first psychosis. I can inactive remember those experiences vividly even now 18 years later. At first I thought I was coming down with the flu since the abnormal mental state I was experiencing was similar to the viral delirium of influenza but as I stayed in bed for a day my symptoms got even worse.

Automotive Ignition Systems Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ignition SystemsNew and OldIgnitions systems in motor vehicles have evolved in the past thirty years. Points was a simple concept but was not reliable and needed adjustment and replacement of components seemed constant. Today a magnetic sensor relays a signal to the calculating machine which in turn sends the emf to the selected cylinder to ignite the fuel/air mixture. There are not mechanical parts to fail or bring corroded and brittle. There are many different parts to an ignition system. These parts differ between modern and old ignition systems. There is a roller. Sometimes one coil provides the increased voltage to the distributor or there is no distributor at all and each(prenominal) cylinder has its profess coil to provide voltage for the spark plug.The coil is a compact, electrical transformer that boosts the batterys 12 volts to as high as 20,000 volts. The incoming 12 volts of electricity swoon through a primary winding of about 200 turns of copper wire that raises t he power to about 250 volts. Inside the distributor, this low-voltage circuit is continuously gloomy by the opening and closing of the points, each interruption causing a break wipe out in the coils electromagnetic field. Each time the field collapses, a whizz along of electricity passes to a secondary winding made up of more than a mile of hair-like wire twisted into 25,000 turns. At this point, the current is boosted to the high voltage needed for ignition and is then relayed to the rotor. The distributor is separated into three sections the upper, middle, and lower. In the middle section, the corners of the spinning breaker cam strike the breaker arm and separate the points both(prenominal) 160 miles an hour. High-voltage surges generated by the action of the coil travel to the rotor that whirls inside a circle of high- tension terminals in the distributor cap, at each terminal, current is transferred to wires that lead to the spark plugs. Two other devices - the vacuum advanc e and the centrifugal advance - precisely coordinate the functions of the points and the rotor assembly as the requirements of the locomotive engine vary. An ignition circuit consists of two sub-circuits the primary, which carries low voltage and the secondary, which carries high voltage. The primary circuit, controlled by the ignition key, releases 12 volts of electricity from the battery or alternator through the coil to a set of breaker points ... ...r fires every other revolution so the distributor shaft must revolve at one half crankshaft speed. later the high tension surge is produced in the ignition coil by the opening of the breaker points, the current passes from the coil to the center terminal of the distributor cap. From there, it passes down to the rotor mounted on the distributor shaft and revolves with it. The current passes along the rotor, and jumps the tiny gap to the cap electrode under which the rotor is positioned at that instant. This cap electrode is committ ed by high tension wiring to the spark plug. As the rotor continues to rotate, it distributes current to each of the cap terminals in turn. connected by high tension wiring to the spark plug. As the rotor continues to rotate, it distributes current to each of the cap terminals in turn. Bibliography1)www.ixquick.com2)www.howstuffworks.com3)www.google.com4)www.msdignition.com5)Engine Management Optimizing Modern Fuel and Ignition Systems, Dave Walker. Sept. 2001, MBI Distribution function

cinco de mayo :: essays research papers

Cinco de mayo"After Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, it faced internal power struggles that left it in a volatile state of ascension and instability for years." In 1846, the Mexican government, under the dictator Santa Anna, went to war with the United States. As an outcome of that war, Mexico lost a large amount of land--the land we straight off know as Texas. In 1854, Juan Alvarez and his troops led a successful revolt to drive Santa Anna out of power. One of Alvarezs strongest supporters was a man by the get of Benito Juarez, a Zapotec Indian leader. In 1855, Juarez became the minister of Justice under the new regime and issued two new controversial laws. One denied the right of the perform and military courts to try civilian cases and the other made the sale and distribution of church lands legal. Many people disagreed with these laws and for trinity years a civil war raged between the two sides. In 1861 Juarez took control of the capital, Mexico City, and put his new Constitution into effect. Not only had Juarezs laws split the country, they had caused the civil war that left Juarez in debt to Spain, England, and France. The three countries were concerned about the debt, so they held a meeting in London, at which Spain and Britain decided to waive the debt in exchange for military control of the Custom mansion house in Vera Cruz. France did not agree to these terms and invaded Mexico in 1861 in hopes of defeating the country and disposing of Juarez. The French troops--deemed among the best trained and equipped in the world--marched into the city of Puebla on May 5, 1862, expecting no resistance. The French army consisted of 6,000 men under the command of Marshal Lorencz. The French were met by an armed force of 2,000 peasants under the command of General Ignacio Zaragoza. The Mexican guerilla forces successfully obeyed their positions and attacked and drove back the French forces. Victory, however, was short lived. Withi n a year, France had successfully conquered Puebla and the rest of Mexico, and went on ruling there until 1867 when Juarez was once once again restored to power. He ruled the country until his death in 1872. Cinco de Mayo, therefore, does not celebrate Mexicos independence, rather it symbolizes "the right of the people to self determination and national sovereignty, and the ability of non-Europeans to defend those rights against modern military organizations.

Use of Repetition, Word Choice, and Imagery in Neuromancer :: Neuromancer Essays

Use of Repetition, Word Choice, and Imagery in Neuromancer     While reading Neuromancer, one may force extremely baffled if he or she cannot interpret the lyric used or the framework in which the book is written. Hence, the use of the formalistic approach is necessary in order for the reader to actually understand the concepts trying to be declargond by Gibson. Through the formalistic approach one can fuck off to see that Gibson uses repetition, and specific word choice to set the tone for the new(a), and imagery to relate the content of the book to the lives of his readers.   Gibson chooses words to aid the reader in imagining the dystopia of the Freeside, a place where the main portion of the book takes place For Case, whod lived for the bodiless exultation of cyberspace, it was the Fall (6). The sky above the port was the color of television, tuned to a dead transfer (3). Gibson describes Freeside as if it is one of the worst places to go. Katie Cooper also describes the dystopia portrayed in this book as well. Gibson also uses words out of the science fiction terminology such as jack-in and flatline to encourage the reader to feel as though he or she is actually in the mist of cyberspace. Even the title of the novel depicts a certain characteristic of the book Neuromancer, the boy said, slitting long gray eyesThe lane of the land of the dead. Where you are, my friend Neuro from the nerves, the silver paths. Romancer (243). Through Gibsons use of specific words he creates a constantly depressing mood and he allows the reader in many ways to visualize cyberspace themselves.   William Gibson is able to project a clear-cut conception of human communication and exactly how we interact with one another through imagery. He symbolizes this relationship through the use of the two unlifelike Intelligences (AI), Wintermute and Neuromancer. In the book, the AIs live completely different contexts than the other characters such as Case, Molly , or Linda. No. I saw her death coming. In the patterns you sometimes imagined you could detect... My methods are far more subtle than Wintermute. I brought her here. Into myself (259). Neuromancer, one of the AIs, uses Cases close friend, Linda, to try and deceive Case into staying on the beach. Hence, the AIs speak through old friends of the characters to communicate with them.

Comparing the Hero in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay

Beowulf and Sir Gawain True HeroesHeroes complete in umpteen forms. The construction of the heroic has taken many forms, yet traits such as courage, honor, and loyalty, reappear as themes throughout the hero in-personity. The characters of Beowulf and Sir Gawain each represent a version of a hero, yet each comes across quite differently in their story. A hero can be said to truly win if he remains constant to his noble determine when put in any situation that crosses his way. When measured by that criterion, Sir Gawain stands out above Beowulf as a true hero, due to his command of both personal and spiritual power through the use of thought, as well as valiant deeds. The character of Beowulf stands as a hero to the ancient Danes because of his actions. He is continuously being cited as a war-chief and a gold-giver (61). Beowulf has achieved fame through what he has done with his own hands. His identity as a leader is based upon the Danish clubhouses emphasis on personal acti on, as opposed to the delegation of responsibility through conscious thought. It is this very sense which spurs Beowulf to fight the dragon In my youth I engaged in many wars. Old guardian of the people, I shall still seek battle, perform a deed of fame, if the evil-doer will come to me... (59). Beowulf derives his power from a strong link to the past. Without his history of glorious deeds, he would see himself bereft of the very power which qualifies him to be a good King. Beowulfs bravery never comes in to question, he does meet every challenge head-on, with deadly attention. The society which labels Beowulf as a legendary hero, recognizes his actions and his bravery as a integral part of his definition as a hero. Without the society to support th... ...or a chivalric Knight embodies the battle of the righteous self against corruption. Gawains bearing comes from his discovery of his own specks. Beowulfs ideals concerning honor and nobility exist only within the context of his s ociety. Remove him from other people, and his life would be meaningless. This is the true flaw of Beowulf, which the character of Gawain, by the end of his story, comes to realize. The notion of winning can be applied at all times to the personality of the chivalric Knight. The battleground becomes the mind, which is tell from the realm of reality. Beowulf does not have the capability to win, without the recognition of his fellow warriors. Within the mind, all sorts of battles are waged. The true winner is the person who can learn from that struggle, and who is able-bodied to apply that knowledge within both solitary and societal venues.

Comparing the Hero in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay

Beowulf and Sir Gawain True HeroesHeroes come in m both forms. The construction of the heroic has taken many forms, yet traits such as courage, honor, and loyalty, reappear as themes finishedout the hero personality. The characters of Beowulf and Sir Gawain each represent a version of a hero, yet each comes across quite differently in their story. A hero can be said to truly win if he remains constant to his noble values when put in any situation that crosses his way. When measured by that criterion, Sir Gawain stands out above Beowulf as a true hero, due to his command of both personal and spiritual power through the use of thought, as well as valiant deeds. The character of Beowulf stands as a hero to the ancient Danes because of his actions. He is constantly being cited as a war-chief and a gold-giver (61). Beowulf has achieved fame through what he has done with his own hands. His identity as a leader is based upon the Danish societys emphasis on personal action, as opposed to the delegation of responsibility through conscious thought. It is this very sense which spurs Beowulf to fight the dragon In my youth I tenanted in many wars. Old guardian of the people, I shall still seek battle, perform a deed of fame, if the evil-doer will come to me... (59). Beowulf derives his power from a strengthened link to the past. Without his history of glorious deeds, he would see himself bereft of the very power which qualifies him to be a good King. Beowulfs bravery never comes in to question, he does meet every challenge head-on, with deadly attention. The society which labels Beowulf as a leg terminusary hero, recognizes his actions and his bravery as a integral part of his exposition as a hero. Without the society to support th... ...or a chivalric Knight embodies the battle of the righteous self against corruption. Gawains strength comes from his discovery of his own flaws. Beowulfs ideals concerning honor and nobility exist only indoors the context of his soc iety. Remove him from other people, and his life would be meaningless. This is the true flaw of Beowulf, which the character of Gawain, by the end of his story, comes to realize. The notion of winning can be applied at all times to the personality of the chivalric Knight. The battleground becomes the mind, which is separate from the realm of reality. Beowulf does not entertain the capability to win, without the recognition of his fellow warriors. Within the mind, all sorts of battles are waged. The true winner is the person who can learn from that struggle, and who is able to apply that knowledge within both solitary and societal venues.

A Term Paper on Qubee Wimax Essay

AcknowledgementBy the cordial mercy of Allah, now we will be able to submit our report to our frank instructor Tahsina Khan Nimmi we strongly believe that it would non be possible preparing such a report without her booster.Now we would same(p) to thank our honorable teacher Mrs. Tahsina khan Nimmi for her keen efforts and invaluable guidance, helped us to understand, what the modern concept of trade mix, Bostorn Consulting Group (BCG) matrix and SWOT analysis which help us to complete this undefeated completion of the report.This acknowledgment will remain incomplete if we dont thanks to this person who helped and being corporate with us specially Fayyad Ahmedul hye(Senior product manager-Qubee) for fortune me to find necessary information regarding the report.We would also like to express gratitude to our class members. They should be remembered because they produced the platform of our knowledge.Finally we are really grateful to the other employees and officers of Qubee for their help and valuable advice. Again, I like to thank our honorable teacher for giving us such a chance in completion of the reportFinally, we like to say that, we have nimble this report from our own experience. We are ready to accept our unwilling errors and omission which belong to us.Executive SummeryThe report is prepared to determine the marketing mix, BCG matrix, SWOT analysis of Qubee. Qubee has strong and effective compensation policy which works for raising the morale, efficiency and co act among the employees and also adopting new operation process, marketing strategy. Through this report, a clear idea is generated about what actually marketing mix, BCG matrix, SWOT analysis is and its impact in Qubee, the importance of these, the methods and policy used to coif for these, what type role these plays to encourage the employees to perform better and achieve the standards fixed and the Qubees view toward its necessity and success plus how they measure the results.So I f ire draw a sharp line of the issue toward its impact of the total human resource management de component partment and overall the total operation and efficiency of Qubee especially in the Foreign Exchange (Bangladesh & Pakistan branch).Here I tried my level best to show the compensation system in online vault of heaven and integrate the total process with the functions of the Human Resource Management Department, after that I focused on the issue towards the contribution to other department and at last its contribution towards the efficiency and competitiveness of Qubee.IntroductionpicQubee is part of the Augere group. Qubee is a new and exciting company from Augere providing fast and reliable broadband mesh operate to residential and business customers across Bangladesh. qubee believes that everyone should be able to enjoy trouble-free access to the lucre and the world of opportunities that it brings. Their aim is to make a magical lucre experience available to everyone, every day, without exception.Qubee is the creation of a group of global telecoms professionals who saw that a new technology called WiMAX could really change the meshing experience for millions of community worldwide. WiMAX means that people dontneed telephone lines or cable to get connected all peoples need is to prevail close enough to a transmitter to receive the internet wirelessly. Qubee is busy building a network of base stations to offer their brand of internet access right across Bangladesh. Theyre starting in Dhaka, but quickly plan to do the same in cities nationwide. Qubee has gathered a passing talented team right here in Bangladesh to build a company thats determined to improve the internet experience for millions of people not and here, but ultimately all over the world.HistoryAugere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd, one of the licensees to whom BTRC gave license last year to run business providing Wimax pic initiation in Bangladesh, has inaugurated Wimax internet ser vice in some selected areas of the capital. The inauguration ceremony was held on 21st October in a hotel in Dhaka. Augere named much-waited Wimax internet service Qubee.On its inauguration ceremony, Russel T Ahmed, head of marketing, Augere, said that the service is initially being given in Gulshan, Banani, Mirpur, Bashundhara Residential Area, and Uttara Residential & Commercial Area. Anyone living in these areas can become a subscriber of the countrys first Wimax service provider, Qubee. Augere said that the service will be available in each part of the country in near future.WiMax is a technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. Bangladeshi internet users have been dying for this technology since past few years. Last year Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) pose an auction for starting Wimax business in Bangladesh. Augere, who has already started Wimax Internet service in Bangladesh under the brand name Qubee, is one of the four winners of the auction.After the fling of Wimax in Bangladesh with the hand of Augure wirelessBroadband Bangladesh Ltd, mixed reaction is seen among general people of the country. Most of them are not satisfied due to the Extreme monthly Charge applicable for Wimax customers. However, on the inauguration ceremony of Qubee, it was said that the monthly charge will be reduced by making some offers in future.Whats qubeeQubee is the real internet experience from Augere. They believe that everyone should be able to enjoy trouble-free access to the internet and the opportunities that it brings. They also believe that in the internet world, speed is happiness so they offer fast and reliable download backed up by customer service that never sleeps. They arent just making the internet work theyre making it work beautifully.Wheres QubeeQubee is a new company providing fast, reliable and compet itively priced broadband internet run to emerging markets around the world. They believe that everyone should be able to enjoy trouble-free access to the internet and the world of opportunities that it brings. Their aim is to make a magical internet experience available to everyone, everyday, without exception. pic

GEZ Petrol Station Essay

GEZ Bhd is the major oil comp whatever in Malaysia has conducted two main c bes, which is the sack business and the thingumajig store business. Under the fuel business, the natural gas post sold gasoline Ron 95 (R95), Petrol Ron 97 (R97), and Diesel. Mr Aiman was as an Area omnibus is responsible for directing the gross taxation activities of more than twenty gun stations in the northern region of Malaysia. They are having a difficulty to sustain in the business even though they are in the stable business segment and consistent in the huge run. This is due to the lack of knowledge in finance and belling which is it contributed to the business failure. There were disadvantages associated with a petrol station that is the fuel business had a precise low pelf permissiveness. It was important that operators practise their cash hoard upion very well. Realising the immenseness of management accounting concepts, Mr Aiman believed that the dealers and their relevant staff s hould have the knowledge in approach accounting.In order to collect data and build financial model, Mr Aiman has sought the advice from Rizal, a trained management accountant. To begin developing a CVP model, Rizal has gathered the necessary data from Baron process Station (BSS) which is the busiest petrol station in the city. The petrol station had four pumps for petrol and cardinal for diesel and the total number of nozzle was 20. The model that he would develop could be applied by petrol station operators of the same category. Regarding this case, from the apostrophize-volume- sugar analysis, Rizal can find that the breakeven head teacher which is how much gross tax revenue the petrol station of this suit should generate from to each one of the fuel products and the Selesamart. Mr. Aiman also can learn that the importance of differentiate between stock-still personify and inconsistent cost so that the petrol stations can sustain their profitable business and growth.DAT A ANALYSIS1. How lucrative is the petrol station business?To determine how lucrative is this business, we need to identify eachcomponent with detailed calculation of the income statement which is does include all the revenue acquired, fixed cost and variant cost that related to the twain type of the business. Firstly, we required to understand the definition of each component. indomitable cost are defined as expenses that remain more or less unchanged disregarding of the payoff level or gross revenue revenue, within the relevant period. By definition, there are no fixed cost in the long run, beca mapping the long run is a sufficient period of time for all short-run fixed inputs to become variable. Variable costs are defined as expenses that spay depending on the output level or gross revenue revenue of a company within the relevant period. Generally, as a businesss output increases, variable costs also increase. The more products a business sells, the more money it spends on materials and manpower to produce those products. We categorized all the expenses into fixed and variable costs and calculate the net profits of Baron Service Station for socio-economic class 2009.REVENUEVARIABLE COSTSFIXED COSTSINCOME STATEMENTS (Partial)As differentiate in the Calculation stated above, the total percentage margin of Baron Service Station consists of two parts, which are fuel business and Selesa securities industry business. Total contribution margin is RM1,166,341.94. percentage margin of SelesaMart business is about more and less 20% of the total contribution margin, which means that SelesaMart business is doing well, in addition, profit of SelesaMart will be high if it doesnt need to pay a 5% royalty to GEZ. From the income statement we can interpreted that this business in lucrative sufficiency with a good control of expenses and Cost related to the operation, where BSS could generate Nett clams of RM 772,825.94 (Calculation as per as Attachment 1)2. Sinc e the margin on fuel business is very low (6%) compared to thingamabob store (20%), do you agree that the convenience store is subsidizing the fuel business?Firstly, the profit margin for fuel business is very low if compared to convenience store. The fuel business only if gets about 6% of profit margin for year 2010.Profit = Sales cost= 100% 94%= 6%This is because GEZ Petrol only gain a few portion of profit from the sales of each liter of Ron 95, Ron 97 and Diesel. Below is the profit for each litre of fuel sold by GEZ Petrol Station and the profit margin for each type of fuel. Products hurt per litreCost per litreProfit per litreProfit margin (%)Ron 95RM1.80RM1.6856RM0.11446.36Ron 97RM2.05RM1.9356RM0.11445.58DieselRM1.80RM1.7388RM0.06123.40Besides that, the petrol station also cannot increase the price even though the governance increase the price of fuel. In the short run, the margin per litre would remain the same. For example, if the government announced therewould be a 40 cents increase in the price per litre, then, operators also have to pay 40 cents higher. So, the profit margin will not increase.ProductsPrice per litreCost per litreProfit per litreProfit margin (%)Ron 95RM2.20RM2.0856RM0.11445.20Ron 97RM2.45RM2.3356RM0.11444.67DieselRM2.20RM2.1388RM0.06122.78From the above calculation, it shows that the profit margin will not increase due to increase in price. Although the profit margin for fuel business is lower than profit margin for convenience store, but the revenue gain from fuel business is far better than convenience store. For example, from the monthly average sales of RM 1.7 million where the large portion of this amount is come from fuel business (RM 1.6 million from the revenue), while only RM 0.1 million comes from convenience store. In addition, in year 2009, the sales revenue of the petrol station is RM 20,682,189.60 and about RM 19,251,897,60 of the amount comes from fuel business which is approximately 93.08% (RM 19,251,897,60/ RM 20,682,189.60) of the revenue. While, only 6.92% (RM 1,430,292/ RM20,682,189.60) comes from convenience stores. So, in this situation, it show that the fuel business itself are able to sustain the business of petrol station even without convenience store because the convenience store only contributed a little portion of their income.Other than that, most of the customers who come to petrol station are to refuel rather than shop at the convenience store. that a few customers will buy at their convenience store because if someone wants to buy foods or other daily needs, they will prefer supermarket as they have more choices compare to convenience store. So, large portion of revenues or income that flow into the company is from the sales of Ron 95, Ron 97 and Diesel. Even though the profit margin for fuel business is small but the revenue is far better compared to convenience stores. Therefore, the convenience store is not subsidising the fuel business alternatively both fuel busi ness and convenience store had contributed to sustainability of GEZ Petrol Station.3. If the government raised the RON95 price to RM2.10, do you anticipate the favourableness of the business will be eroded?If the government raised the Ron 95 price to RM 2.1 per litre, the favourableness of business will be affected significantly. The changes of RON95 price from RM1.80 to RM2.10 per litre has incremental price of RM 0.3 per litre. In parallel, cost per litre of Ron 95 also will increase RM 0.2788 from RM 1.6856 to RM 1.9644 per litre due to estimation of cost on price proportion of 93.64%. Total Net profit for RM 1.8 (Ron 95) is RM 766,706.02 and had increase to RM 924,046.16 when Ron 95 price increased to RM 2.1. Net profit margin had increase from 3.71% to 3.98%. For Break- even Analysis, the increase of Ron95 price has indicate a better post which only required 3187559.208 litres/ RM 6,936,231.66 compared to 3618188.562 litres/ RM 7,015,784.34 to achieve zero profit. In overall, rise of Ron95 price by government will benefit GEZ petro stations financial performance. It has higher profitability and capable to achieve Break Even bespeak with a lower output level compared to previous price which RM 1.8 per litre for Ron 95. Below are the changes of GEZ financial performance if Ron95 price changed.RON95 (79%)**Assuming the portion of fixed cost between Fuel business and Selesa Mart is based on the average sales of 2009 Price per litreRM1.80Total Fixed Cost (RON95)Portion between fuel business and SelesaSalariesRM195,720.02= 1.6/1.7 =94.12%Utility CostRM35,550.0094.12% of amount in fixed cost for fuel businessRentalRM5,487.385.88% of amount in fixed cost for Selesa MartInsurance PremiumRM1,427.61StationeriesRM1,784.52Total Fixed CostRM239,969.53RON 95Fixed Cost -SalariesAmountSalary(RM)Total per yearPortionFixed cost- SalariesStation Manager13206384720.9412*0.7928605.78Supervisor11674200880.7915869.52Cashier3950342000.7927018Crew128121169280.7992373.12Clerk196 0115200.9412*0.798565.67General Worker2805193200.9412*0.7914365.35Security Guard11000120000.9412*0.798922.58Total195720.02Input changed (Exhibit 3)Original PriceNew Price4. If a credit card sale is humbled from 40% to 20%, what is the effect on overall profitability?Nowadays more and more pack are using credit card in their daily life. People prefer credit cards because they are convenient to use and it is easier to take them instead of carrying a lot of cash. And if wallet or purse is stolen, we can simply call the creditor and close the credit cardaccount before anyone uses the card. In GEZ petrol station, petrol operators had to face was the increasing cost of credit card fees paid to bank as more and more of their customers were starting using credits cards. When a driver pays for gas with a credit card, GEZ petrol station must pay an average 1% of the sales price to the bank to process the payments.GEZ petrol station have accounted that the credit card sales are almost 40% of their total sales. Research are made to the Baron Service post ( BSS) , a petrol station that was located in a city, in the northern region of Malaysia. It was one of the busiest petrol stations in the city. In year 2009, BSS generated sales revenue of RM 19,251,897.60, 40% of the revenue RM 7,700,759.04 was come from credit card sales and the bank will charge RM 77007.59 from the credit card sales. Those fees are so high, it already slim profit margins and made it hard for stations to make money on gas sales. Otherwise when the credit card sales is reduce to 20% of the revenue RM 3,850,379.52 was come from credit card sales and the bank will charge RM 3,850,3.80 from the credit card sales. For details as below belief Card Fees (40%)ProductSales (Litres)Price/LitresTotal RevenuesRon 958,459,604.001.8015,227,287.20Ron 97174,576.002.05357,880.80Diesel2,037,072.001.803,666,729.6019,251,897.60Usage of Credit Card40%7,700,759.04Credit Card Fees Charges1%Credit Card Fees77,007.59Credit Card Fees (20%)ProductSales (Litres)Price/LitresTotal RevenuesRon 958,459,604.001.8015,227,287.20Ron 97174,576.002.05357,880.80Diesel2,037,072.001.803,666,729.6019,251,897.60Usage of Credit Card20%3,850,379.52Credit Card Fees Charges1%Credit Card Fees38,503.80Baron Service StationPartial of Income Statement for Year Ended 2009 (20%)Fuel barterSelesa MartRevenue19,251,897.60Revenue1,430,292.00(-) Variable CostRaw Material Cost18,139,478.60Evaporation Losses83,613.27COGS1,144,233.60Credit Card Fees38,503.80Royalty71,514.60Contribution Margin990,301.93Contribution Margin214,543.80Total Contribution Margin1,204,845.73(-) Fixed Cost393,516.00Nett Profit811,329.73Based on the calculation above, when the credit card sales been modify from 40% to 20% it will affect the overall profitability of the company. The income statement showed the increase of net profit from RM 772,825.94 to RM 811,329.73 of RM 38,503.79.When the credit card sales decrease, a 1% fees was charged by the banks also w ill reduce and this effect the variable cost for the company from before change cost is RM 18,300,099.46 to after change cost of RM 18,261,595.67. The difference between both of the cost and company managed to save is RM 38,503.79.The increasing of the amount in using credit card to make payment in thepetrol station will also increase the cost of credit card fees that need to pay to banks, indirectly it will give effect to the profitability of the station. The profit of the station will decrease due to the increasing of cost. If increasing of customers chooses to make payment by cash instead of credit card, then the profitability of the petrol station will increases, because the extra cost on the credit card sales that they bear will be reduce. To cover the problem, petrol stations can shift the cost of credit card charge by charges back the customer when they use cards. However petrol stations need to take risk that they maybe will losing customer. Customer maybe will decide to cha nge to other petrol stations that do not have any charge when they use credit card to make payment. Petrol station also can offer a cash-only discount. This may attract more customer make payment by using cash.5. What is the assign basis to share the shatter cost between four products Ron 95, Ron 97, diesel and SelesaMart?To assign the costs of products, we use cost allocation as it is a tool that can helps manager to track the cost that associated more efficient. Costs are allocated to obtain desired penury because it sometimes made to influence management behaviour and hence promote goal congruence and managerial effort. Instead, it is used to compute income and asset valuations and to justify costs or obtain reimbursement because sometimes prices are based directly on costs, or it may be necessary to justify an accepted bid. From the information tending(p) in the case, GEZ petrol station conducted two main business which is the fuel business and the convenience store busine ss, known as SelesaMart. Since GEZ provide joint provide, thus the appropriate basis is sales value at split-off point. The table shown below is the summary of monthly average sales.PRODUCTSSALES PROPORTIONAMOUNTFuel Business94.12%RM 1,600,000Petrol Ron 9579%RM 1,264,000Petrol Ron 972%RM 32,000Diesel19%RM 304,000SelesaMart5.88%RM 100,000AVERAGE SALES (monthly)100%RM 1, 700,000Table 5.1 Monthly average sales in 2009The total monthly average sales given is RM 1,700,000 with RM 1,600,000 was generated from the fuel business and the remaining from SelesaMart which in RM100,000. The highest contribution in fuel business in Petrol Ron 95 with RM 1,264,000 and follow with Diesel which is RM 304,000 then Petrol Ron 97 with RM 32,000. Then, we need to calculate total revenue for R95, R97, Diesel and Selesamart. Thus we multiply sales per litre with price per litre to get the amount of revenue. As stated in the case the sales revenue that BSS generated is RM20,682,189.60 that are comprise RM1 9,251,897.60 of fuel sales and RM1,430,292 of SelesaMart sales.The calculation can be ingeminates as the table shown below R95R97DieselSelesaMartSales (Litres)8,459,604174,5762,037,072Price per litre (RM)1.802.051.80RevenueRM15,227,287.20RM357,880.80RM3,666,729.60RM1,430,292.00Percentage (%)73.63%1.73%17.73%6.92%Table 5.2 Total revenue and percentageFor BSS, they can allocate more cost to Petrol Ron 95 since it contribute the highest revenue which is RM 15,277,287.20 continue with Diesel with RM 3,666,729.60. For Petrol Ron 97 and SalesaMart, BSS can allocate less cost since it contributed only RM357,880.80 and RM1,430,292. In BSS there were two sunders working at the sales counter. One will concentrate on the fuel transactions, and one for the shop, even though they handle both transactions at times and overall there were 6 cashiers working for BSS. Monthly salary per person for the cashier is RM950. So BSS shall pay RM5,700 to their 6 cashiers and RM68, 400 in annually. The appr opriate basis to allocate the cashier cost between the four products RON95, RON97, diesel and SelesaMart is we calculated the revenue for the four products and we divided with the total sales to find the percentage for each products. So the percentage for product RON95 is 73.63%, RON97 is 1.73%, diesel is 17.73% and SelesaMart with 6.92%.The total revenue for Petrol Ron 95, Petrol Ron 97, Diesel and SelesaMart is RM20, 682,189.60. After we find the percentage, we calculated the cashiercost for each product. To find the cashier cost, we multiple the percentage with the total annual salary for the cashier which is RM 68,400(RM 950 x 6 x 12). The result is, for the product RON95 the cashier cost is RM50, 359.58 followed by RON97 is RM1, 183.58, diesel is RM12, 126.58 and SelesaMart is RM4, 730.25. The total cashier cost is RM68, 400. The calculations can be summarize as shown in table below R95R97DieselSelesaMartPercentage (%)73.63%1.73%17.73%6.92%Cashier CostRM50,359.58RM1,183.58RM12, 126.58RM4,730.25Table 5.3 Percentage and cashier costThe choice of method for allocating greenness costs should depend on the ease of application, the perceived quality of information reported to external parties, and the perceived fairness of the allocation when multiple product managers are responsible for joint products. However, as discussed above, the allocation of common costs is arbitrary, and no method is conceptually preferable to any other method. All methods of allocating common costs across joint products are generally useless for operational, marketing, and product pricing decisions.6. Is utility cost fixed or variable? What difference does it make to the breakeven point of Ron 95 if it is classified as i) fixed cost, and ii) variable cost? In our opinion utility cost is fixed cost. This is because,the cost will be relatively the same as it was used for all the time. This cost wont effect the unit sold even though it not used.Utility cost as FCUtility cost as VCBEP (R M)5,024,702.714,154,075.59BEP (UNIT)2,791,501.502,307,819.77If the utility is fixed cost, the Break Even Point in RM is higher compare to the utility cost as variable cost. Same goes to the Break Even Point in Unit, which is the utility as fixed cost is higher compare to the utility as variable cost. endRegarding this case, from the cost-volume-profit analysis, Rizal can find that the breakeven point which is how much sales the petrol station of this type should generate from each of the fuel products and the Selesamart. Mr. Aiman also can learn that the importance of differentiate between fixed cost and variable cost so that the petrol stations can sustain their profitable business and growth. If the utility is fixed cost, the Break Even Point in RM is higher compare to the utility cost as variable cost which is RM5,024,702.71 compared to RM4,154,075.59 . Same goes to the Break Even Point in Unit, which is the utility as fixed cost is higher , 2,791,501.50 compare to the utility as variable cost 2,307,819.77 To assign the costs of products, we use cost allocation as it is a tool that can helps manager to track the cost that associated more efficient.Costs are allocated to obtain desired motivation because it sometimes made to influence management behaviour and thus promote goal congruence and managerial effort. Instead,it is used to compute income and asset valuations and to justify costs or obtain reimbursement because sometimes prices are based directly on costs, or it may be necessary to justify an accepted bid. From the information given in the case, GEZ petrol station conducted two main business which is the fuel business and the convenience store business, known as SelesaMart. Since GEZ provide joint provide, thus the appropriate basis is sales value at split-off point

English Importance in the Next Few Years

The topic under discussion is that compare the importance of position to the other major(ip) lyric poems of the world and then tell whether it will be able to sustain its superiority in the next hundred years. I am for the topic. A linguistic process is a systematic means of communication by the engagement of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others. It is a communication by word of mouth. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication.It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Language therefore remains potentially a communicative specialty capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes and thus makes humans different from other living beings. The modish and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where face ling uistic process is the means of scientific discourse.The importance of English as a spoken language began as a result of the colonial era, when European powers took to the seas in parade to find new lands and natural resources. The effects of that time can still be felt in the number of English speakers in India, select split of Asia and Africa, and North America. The influence of English grew stronger in the 20th century, with the increased mobility of populations, the growth of the United States as an economic power, and the presence of international media in everyday life.As of 2010 there are fewer native speakers of English than Chinese, though English is spoken in more places, and more people speak English as a second language. The importance of English in business comes from its use as a lingua franca, or a means of communication among speakers of two different languages. Many of the worlds top languages function this way, including French, Russian and Arabic, but English st ill has the widest reach. A South Korean businessman traveling to go out the head of an Argentinean conglomerate in Germany will expect the common language for all to be English.Aside from the United Nations, many other international organizations lock in English. After World War II, key financial institutions were created in English, including the International M whiztary Fund and the World Bank. The World Trade Organization and a variety of other UN affiliates such the World Food Program and the World Health Organization use English in spoken and written communication. basketball team of the largest broadcasting companies (CBS, NBC, ABC, BBC and CBC) transmit in English, reaching across the world through satellite television and local holdings.Estimates for the number of people using the Internet in English lie completely slightly ahead of users in Chinese, but well ahead of Spanish and other major languages. In the publishing industry, English is also well ahead 28 percent of books published annually are in English, and the market for books in English for second language speakers is growing. English currently dominates in science and technology, a position that it took over from German after World War I. Scientific journals publish in English, and many researchers, particularly in physics, chemistry and biology, use English as their working language.The historical circumstances of India (having been ruled by the British for over two centuries) have apt(p) the Indians an easy access to mastering English language, and innumerable opportunities for advancement in the field of science and technology. Many Indians have become so skilled in English language and have won many international awards for creative and comparative literary productionss during the last few years. Sometime ago, an Indian author, Arundhati Roy, won the prestigious booker prize for her book The God of Small Things. Her book sold lakhs of copies all over the globe.According to the 20 04 World Factbook, 49 countries list English as their ordained language, not counting the United States and the United Kingdom, which do not list any official language but use predominantly English. In 2001, a poll of the 189 member countries in the United Nations showed that 120 of them preferred to use English to communicate with other Over the years, English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership for books written by Indian authors and for films made by Indians in English language.A illustrious Indian movie maker Shekhar Kapoors film Elizabeth has got several nominations for Oscar Awards. It does not require any further argument to establish the advantage English language has brought to us at the international level. English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe. English is the language of the latest business precaution in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indi an business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication.English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe. English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. Some of the states of India are witnessing popular increase in universal demand for teaching of English language from the primary classes.Realizing the importance, recently, the Minister of Indian Railways, Laloo Prasad Yadav, demands teaching of English language in schools. The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India. Many of the leaders, who denounce English, send their own children to English medium schools. Many of the schools in the country have English as the sole or additional medium of instruction. A language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it.English poses no danger to Indian languages. The Indian languages are vibrant and are developing by the contributions of great minds using them as their vehicle of expression. English is available to us as a historical heritage in addition to our own language. We must make the best use of English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. English language is our window to the world. English language is one tool to establish our viewpoint.We can learn from others experience. We can check the theories of foreigners against our experience. We can reject the untenable and accept the tenable. We can also allot our theories among the international audience and readers. We can make use of English to promote our worldview and spiritual heritage throughout the globe. Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of pietism at the world conference of religions in Chicago in 1893. He addressed the gathering in impressive English.Many spiritual gurus have since reborn thousands of English people to our spirituality by expressing their thought and ideas in masterful English. English has thus become an effective means of promoting Indian view of life, and modify our cultural identity in the world. CONCLUSION Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on divided educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues.It is spoken by more than 300 billion native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping the leading language of science, tec hnology, computers, and commerce and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English. Thus English is evitable. Thus English will never receptive its superiority even in the next hundred years,

Hispanic Family Values Essay

MacDonalds article reveals the grim reality of teenage gestation period and unmarried arrests in the Latino participation in the United States, backed up by statistical data on conglomerate circumstances surrounding unwed infantile mothers. Birth judge among young, unwed Hispanic mothers are so alarming that according to the Census Bureau, one in four Americans will be Hispanics by mid-century, twice the watercourse ratio also, Hispanics will account for 46 percent of the nations added population for over the next two decades (Mac Donald).Statistics show that the Hispanic women agree the highest occurence of births outside marriage at 45 percent, compared to the 24 percent of white births and 15 percent of Asian births (Mac Donald). Only the black population exceed this figure at 68 percent. This can possibly imply a higher demand for a larger welfare state, if incidents of unplanned pregnancy among young Hispanic women surge. MacDonald spoke to several loving workers and other people who provide financial aid and services to these young women in South California, where most illegal immigrants flock, to illustrate the situation of Hispanic young women. consort to these workers, illegitamacy has become the norm among the Hispanic community and it is non unusual for young, unwed Hispanic women seek welfare and social services (Mac Donald). According to Dr. Ana Sanchez, it is noteworthy to look into the value system of the Hispanics and compare it with the values system of other cultures. For instance, Dr. Sanchez thinks that in a Hispanic household, having babies outside marriage is normal whereas in an Asian household, parents strongly imbibe in their children that teenage pregnancy is a taboo (Mac Donald).Another factor that contributes to the increase in unwed teenage pregnancy is the most powerful Hispanic value a tight-knit extended family (Mac Donald). While marriage is no longer a cherished value in the Hispanic community, a tight-knit family is still very much treasured and children are always a welcome addition to the family. It is an honor for a young girl to be have a baby at a young age. If the father of the child is unavailable, which is normally the case, the relatives are more than willing to jock raise the child.The fathers of the children of unwed young Hispanic mothers are another factor that contribute to the problem of rising dependence of young Hispanic mothers on social welfare and services. It is not uncommon for fathers to run off after getting a girl pregnant, regardless of the age. They cohabitate with the mother of their child initially but this does not ordinarily last long (Mac Donald). Girls who are impregnated by older men is another issue that raises the eyebrows of social workers. The fathers of these children can be as young as 13 or as old as the boyfriend of the girls mother.Situations where girls are sexually assaulted by their mothers boyfriends are not uncommon in the Hispanic community (Mac Donald). The present boyfriend of their mother is usually not their father because even their mothers had them when they were their daughters age. If it is not their mothers boyfriend, it is their uncle. The belief is that older men prefer virgins because they think that they cannot be impregnated on their first sexual intercourse and they are less likely to have sexually transmitted diseases.Another revelation in this situation is that the cycle of early, unwed pregnancy among young mothers is a prevalent issue because it is something that is imbibed to them by their elders. unexampled girls turn out to be like that because their mothers, grandmothers, and aunts went through the same thing at the same age. It gives them the impression that having a child before marriage is abruptly normal. Consequently, relying on social services and welfare has also become a normal part of their lifestyle.The last few paragraphs of MacDonalds article provide the various solutions that are being implemented to wield this issue. For instance, some schools in California have a day care center for the babies of their students. MacDonald also mentions the Latina Adolescent felo-de-se Prevention Act aims to channel $10 million to culturally competent social agencies to improve the self-esteem of Latina girls and to provide support services to their families and friends if they contemplate felo-de-se (Mac Donald).There are also support group for parents of children who show signs of delinquency such as gang involvement and antisocial behavior members are usually single mothers. The life of a young, unwed and single mother is not easy. On top of that, the Hispanic community still remains to be a minority in the United States, even if their population is expected to double in the coming years. Support groups such as the ones mentioned above will aid the single mother in coping with the harsh reality in a foreign country.However, the adage An ounce of prevention is worth a tucker out of cure still works in this case. Aside from helping teenage moms, efforts should be allocated in creating an environment for young Hispanic women that will reduce the likeliness of pregnancy outside marriage. According to the study of National Council of La Razas Institute for Hispanic health, Hispanic communities misconstrue pregnancy prevention campaigns as anti-family campaigns (Elkins).NCLR suggests that programs should address family planning rather than the notion of pregnancy itself. According to the Latino Initiative, a very effective way of curbing unwed pregnancies among young women is to foster family values and strengthen parent-child ties because children who are close to their parents are more likely to enact safer sexual practices (Elkins). This intervention program not only works in Hispanic communities it works almost everywhere as well.

Martin Luther Essay

Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Germany. Although he was brought up in a Catholic faith, he changed his faith by starting a new Christian movement that was against the teachings of Catholicism, which was consequently named as Lutheran. He taught as a theology lecturer, therefrom a professional in theology and he was a preacher as well. His parents Hans Luder mother Margarethe were catholic believers, therefore as soon as he was born he got baptism on the following day which was St. Martin of Tours day of feast. He had brothers and sisters however, deuce of his brothers passed way as a result of a plague.Jacob who had tight bonds with Martin lived on to old age. Martins father rented copper mines and smelters and he also worked as a spokesperson in the local council. Besides he precious the topper for his son he aspired that Martin would be a lawyer . Martin began his early school life in 1497 at Mansfield, Magdeburg and Eisenach in that order where he learnt Latin. When he was ca rdinal years of age he was a student at the University of Erfurt and by the year 1505, he had completed his postgraduate studies and was awarded a masters degree.Since his father wanted him to be a lawyer, he went ahead and registered for the law school however, he never pursued the course to completion since according to him law was ambiguous. Instead he preferent to study more on theology and philosophy and was fascinated by former philosophers like William of Ockham, Aristotle and Gabriel Biel. Nonetheless, he was more drawn to lecturers who taught on non laying trust on anyone including the philosophers unless the claims they state could be approved through familiarity.Because of this reason, Martin concluded that distinguishledge in philosophy could not help people subscribe to close to divinity because it merely emphasized on reasoning which is valid when applied to people and organizations but not God. According to Luther, people could only bed who God is by understandi ng the scriptures. From here, his quest for scripture understanding began. Later in 1505, Martin Luther abandoned his studies and joined the catholic monastery. Luthers life as a monk was constituted by refraining from food, pilgrimage, declaration of his sins to begin with a priest for forgiveness and praying for lengthy flows.The life at the monastery wasnt easy at on the whole the monks spent less time in bed and they had to work hard in order to sustain community members. He confesses that his commitment to the church as a monk was not delighting to God rather it made him aware of how sinful he was. Furthermore, the period within which he served as a monk gave a different perception of Jesus Christ in his life the Christian life at the monastery was like a detention center that rag innocent people, yet Jesus is a Savior and a comforter. Nevertheless, the monastery hardship transformed Luther as he found more time to know the Bible.Afterward, it was contemplated by Johann von Staupitz that Luther required to do something else so that his quest for the scripture could be disrupted. Accordingly, after his priestly ordination, he proceeded as a theology lecturer of Wittenberg University. By 1509, Luther had received two degrees one in Biblical studies and the other in sentences. After three years, he graduated as a doctor in theology thereby becoming a member of the senate in the faculty of theology in the University of Wittenberg . The controversial issues regarding Catholicism began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses.The theses focused on the indulgences that were sold in the church. Since the pope wanted funds to put up the St. Peters church in Rome, pardoning of sins was granted on condition that the sinner paid money. In other lessons, one could purchase pardon for sins that he or she expects to commit. This spurred concern in Martin Luther because as he had read in the scripture, obstetrical delivery is freely given whereas in Rome, sal vation was an article of trade that could be traded between two partners- a sinner and the priest. Besides, more indulgences were sold so that those souls that were in purgatory could be released.Moreover, according to the papist Catholic Theology it was believed that faith is not enough to justify a human being unless it is accompanied by deeds, for instance participating in works of charity and giving the church financial contributions . Luther objected the issue of indulgences that were being sold consequently, he drafted a note to the archbishops of Magdeburg and Mainz this note is what was later on referred to as the 95 theses. A copy of the note he wrote to the archbishop was put on the door of Castle Church. According to Luther, the absolution and forgiveness of sins based on indulgences was wrong and deceptive.Within a short time the theses were converted to German, because they were create verbally in Latin after which they were printed and reproduced to make many copies . Accordingly, the reprinted theses were extensively distributed to various part within Germany. Between 1510 and 1520, he spent his time in teaching the New Testament books including the Psalms. Even as he studied the Holy Scriptures, he came to realize that justification was a very significant aspect in salvation. That God acknowledges a sinner and makes him righteous when he believes the scripture also God saves sinners because of grace.Luther proceeded to preach about justification, how it came from Gods only and faith as a present for humanity from God. The Roman papal authority took a period of three years to act in response to Luthers writings despite the fact that the theses had been distributed at a faster rate. The Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg whom the letter was addressed to preferred not to answer Luther, but rather identified heresiarchal phrases then sent the letter to Rome. pontiff Leo X overlooked the letter accept that it was not a grievous issue to him Lut her was only drunk and after sometime he would get back to his senses.However, the perception was wrong Countrys such as England, Italy and France were reading the theses by 1519. Furthermore, he wrote and make commentaries Psalms and Galatians, even though he had to work under protection. By 1520, he had published three books that are considered to be the most excellent among his works- On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, On the Freedom of A Christian and To the Nobility of the German Nation. The Pope came to rethink of Luthers thesis in 1519 and ordered him to give details of his theses which he did in a synopsis.As a result, Luther was called to meet the Pope in Rome so that he could give a detailed justification to his writings. Nonetheless, Luther went to Rome but as it was arranged by Frederick the Wise, he met Cardinal doubting Thomas Cajetan who was a legate to the pope Nevertheless, the pope went ahead and wrote to Luther in a writing termed as papal bull Exsurge Do mine cautioning him to denounce the theses he had written as well as subsections within the books that he had written, in a period of sixty days failure of which would result in him getting hang from the catholic community.Conversely, Luther burnt the papal bull and the other manuscripts, an action he later justified in his writings- Assertions Concerning All Articles as well as why the Pope and His Recent Book Are Burned. Following this, Luther was suspended out of the Roman Catholic community in 1521 by the Pope. Later in April, 1521, Luther was presented before the Diet of Worms, a gathering of the Roman Empire authorities in Worms, Rhine. It was required of him to confirm if he was the author of the theses and the other books he had written, an issue he readily confirmed.However, in answering whether he supported the writings, he agreed after one day having discussed with friends and prayed. Accordingly, in May 1521, Luther was declared a heretic and his writings were banned. I n addition, no one was permitted to provide neither shelter nor food as this would amount to punishment. Luther by the help of the Elector of Saxony, Fredrick III, stayed separate forward from people in the Castle of Wartburg for about eleven months under the name Junker Jorg. It is during this period that he interpreted the New Testament, initially in Greek to German .When he went back to Wittenberg in March 1522, Luther continued to preach and many people were drawn to his sermons. He revised the church doctrines and assisted in reinstating repose and unity within the nation. The new church doctrines were based on faith, grace and scripture alone. Instead of the seven sacraments that exist in the Roman Catholic, only two sacraments were recognized- baptism and the Holy Communion. Lutheranism did not advocate for celibacy, however, no one was forced to marry.The first Lutheran declaration of faith, otherwise referred to as the Augsburg Confession, was read before the Holy Roman E mperor, Charles V in 1530. The reformed church decided to name the new church as Lutheran in honor of Luther. Luther married Katharina who was initially a nun but defected. He passed away in 1546, in Eisleben after having been ill .Bibliography Collinson, P. (2004) The Reformation a history, ISBN 0679643230, 9780679643234, Modern Library. Doak, R. S. (2006) Pope Leo X obstructionist of the Reformation, ISBN 0756515947, 9780756515942, Compass Point Books.Edwards, M. U. (March, 2000) Martin Luther Exploring His Life and Times, 1483-1546. The Christian Century, Vol. 117. Fairchild, M. (2009) Martin Luther Bibliography. Retrieved on 13th April, 2009, from http//christianity. about. com/od/lutherandenomination/a/martinlutherbio_2. htm Marius, R. (1999) Martin Luther the Christian between God and death, 3rd Edition, ISBN 0674550900, 9780674550902, Harvard University Press. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2007) Luther, Martin, ordinal Edition, 2007.

The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 8. Ghost

I did non see much of Jaspers guests for the two sunny mean solar days that they were in Forks. I only went home at all so that Esme wouldnt worry. Otherwise, my existence seemed more than worry that of a specter than a vampire. I hovered, invisible in the shadows, w present I could follow the object of my sleep with and obsession where I could see her and hear her in the minds of the lucky humans who could walk through the sunlight beside her, most ms accidentally brushing the spur of her reach with their own. She never reacted to such contact their strains were just as warm as hers.The enforced absence from school had never been a trial like this in the lead. But the sun seemed to make her happy, so I could not resent it too much. Anything that pleased her was in my good graces.Monday morning, I eavesdropped on a communication that had the potential to destroy my confidence and make the time spent a guidance from her a torture. As it ended up, though, it rather made my day.I had to feel some little respect for Mike Newton he had not simply stipulation up and slunk away to nurse his wounds. He had more bravery than Id given him credit for. He was going to try in one case more.Bella got to school quite early and, presumable intent on enjoying the sun while it closinged, sat at unity of the seldom used picnic benches while she waited for the first bell to ring. Her hair caught the sun in unexpected ways, giving off a reddish beam that I had not anticipated.Mike found her there, doodling again, and was thrilled at his good luck.It was agonizing to only be able to watch, powerless, bound to the forests shadows by the bright sunlight.She greeted him with ample enthusiasm to make him ecstatic, and me the opposite.See, she likes me. She wouldnt smile like that if she didnt. I bet she wanted to go to the dance with me. Wonder whats so important in SeattleHe sensed the change in her hair. I never noticed before your hair has red in it.I accidentally uprooted the young spruce manoeuver my hand was resting on when he pinched a mountain range of her hair between his fingers.Only in the sun, she said. To my deep satisfaction, she cringed away from him slightly when he tucked the strand behind her ear.It took Mike a minute to build up his courage, wasting some time on small talk.She reminded him of the essay we all had due on Wednesday. From the faintly smug expression on her face, hers was already done. Hed forgotten altogether, and that severely diminished his free time.Dang stupid essay.Finally he got to the point my teeth were clinch so cloggy they could have pulverized granite and even therefore, he couldnt make himself ask the question outright. I was going to ask if you wanted to go out.Oh, she said. at that place was a brief silence.Oh? What does that mean? Is she going to yes? Wait I guess I didnt really ask.He swallowed hard.Well, we could go to dinner or somethingand I could bring on it later. Stupid that wasn t a question each.MikeThe agony and fury of my jealousy was every whit as powerful as it had been last week. I broke another tree trying to hold myself here. I wanted so badly to race across the campus, too fast for human eyes, and sneak her up to steal her away from the boy that I hated so much in this moment I could have kill him and enjoyed it.Would she say yes to him?I dont think that would be the best idea.I breathed again. My rigid body relaxed.Seattle was just an excuse, after all. Shouldnt have asked. What was I thinking? Bet its that freak, CullenWhy? he asked sullenly.I think she hesitated. And if you ever repeat what Im saying right now I will cheerfully beat you to death I laughed out cheesy at the sound of a death threat coming through her lips. A jay shrieked, startled, and launched itself away from me.But I think that would hurt Jessicas feelings.Jessica? What? But Oh. Okay. I guess So Huh.His thoughts were no longer coherent.Really, Mike, are you blind?I echoed her sentiment. She shouldnt expect everyone to be as perceptive as she was, tho really this subject was beyond obvious. With as much trouble as Mike had had working himself up to ask Bella out, did he imagine it wasnt just as difficult for Jessica? It mustiness be selfishness that made him blind to others. And Bella was so unselfish, she saw everything.Jessica. Huh. Wow. Huh. Oh, he managed to say.Bella used his confusion to make her exit.Its time for class, and I cant be late again.Mike became an perfidious viewpoint from then on. He found, as he turned the idea of Jessica around and around in his head, that he rather liked the thought of her determination him attractive. It was second place, not as good as if Bella had felt that way. Shes cute, though, I guess. Decent body. A bird in the handHe was off then, on to new fantasies that were just as vulgar as the ones about Bella, but now they only irritated rather than infuriated. How little he deserved either little girl they were almost interchangeable to him. I stayed clear of his head after that. When she was out of sight, I curled up against the cool trunk of an enormous madrone tree and I danced from mind to mind, keeping her in sight, endlessly glad when Angela Weber was available to look through. I wished there was someway to thank the Weber girl for simply be a nice person. It made me feel break out to think that Bella had one friend worth having.I watched Bellas face from whichever angle I was given, and I could see that she was sad again. This surprised me I thought the sun would be enough to keep her smiling. At lunch, I saw her glance time and time again toward the empty Cullen table, and that thrilled me. It gave me hope. Perhaps she missed me, too.She had plans to go out with the other girls I automatically planned my own surveillance but these plans were postponed when Mike invited Jessica out on the date hed planned for Bella.So I went straight to her home instead, doing a quick swe ep of the woods to make sure enough no one dangerous had wandered too close. I knew Jasper had warned his one-time brother to avoid the town citing my insanity as two explanation and warning but I wasnt taking whatsoever chances. Peter and Charlotte had no intention of causing animosity with my family, but intentions were changeable thingsAll right, I was overdoing it. I knew that.As if she knew I was watching, as if she took pity on the agony I felt when I couldnt see her, Bella came out to the backyard after a long hour indoors. She had a book in her hand and a blanket under her arm.Silently, I climbed into the higher branches of the closest tree overlooking the yard.She spread the blanket on the damp grass and then lay on her stomach and started flipping through the worn book, as if trying to find her place. I read over her shoulder. Ah more classics. She was an Austen fan.She read quickly, crossing and recrossing her ankles in the air. I was watching the sunlight and wind play in her hair when her body suddenly stiffened, and her hand froze on the page. All I saw was that shed reached chapter collar when she roughly grabbed a thick section of pages and shoved them over.I caught a glance of a title page, Mansfield Park. She was starting a new story the book was a compilation of novels. I wondered why shed switched stories so abruptly.Just a few moments later, she slammed the book angrily shut. With a enraged scowl on her face, she pushed the book deflexion and flipped over onto her back. She took a deep breath, as if to calm herself, pushed her sleeves up and closed her eyes. I remembered the novel, but I couldnt think of anything offensive in it to upset her. some other mystery. I sighed.She lay very still, moving just once to yank her hair away from her face. It fanned out over her head, a river of chestnut. And then she was nonoperational again. Her breathing slowed. After several long minutes her lips began to tremble.Mumbling in her sleep.I mpossible to resist. I listened as far out as I could, hereditary voices in the houses nearby.Two tablespoons of flourone cup of milkCmon Get it through the hoop Aw, cmonRed, or blueor maybe I should die hard something more casualThere was no one close by. I jumped to the ground, landing silently on my toes. This was very wrong, very risky. How condescendingly Id once judged Emmett for his uncaring ways and Jasper for his lack of discipline and now I was consciously flouting all the rules with a wild abandon that made their lapses look like nothing at all. I used to be the responsible one.I sighed, but crept out into the sunshine, regardless.I avoided looking at myself in the suns glare. It was bad enough that my skin was fossa and inhuman in shadow I didnt want to look at Bella and myself side by side in the sunlight. The difference between us was already insurmountable, painful enough without this image also in my head.But I couldnt ignore the rainbow sparkles that reflected o nto her skin when I got close-set(prenominal). My jaw locked at the sight. Could I be any more of a freak? I imagined her terror if she opened her eyes nowI started to retreat, but she mumbled again, holding me there.Mmm Mmm. Nothing intelligible. Well, I would wait for a bit.I carefully stole her book, stretching my arm out and holding my breath while I was close, just in case. I started breathing again when I was a few yards away, tasting the way the sunshine and open air affected her scent. The heat seemed to sweeten the smell. My throat flamed with desire, the fire wise(p) and fierce again because I had been away from her for too long.I spent a moment controlling that, and then forcing myself to breathe through my nose I allow her book fall open in my hands. Shed started with the first book I flipped through the pages quickly to the third chapter of Sense and Sensibility, searching for something potentially offensive in Austens overly polite prose.When my eyes stopped autom atically at my name the character Edward Ferrars being introduced for the first time Bella spoke again.Mmm. Edward. She sighed.This time I did not fear that she had awoken. Her voice was just a low, wistful murmur. Not the scream of fear it would have been if shed seen me now.Joy warred with self-loathing. She was still dreaming of me, at least.Edmund. Ahh. Too.closeEdmund?Ha She wasnt dreaming of me at all, I cognize blackly. The self-loathing returned in force. She was dreaming of fictional characters. So much for my conceit. I replaced her book, and stole back into the cover of the shadows where I belonged.The afternoon passed and I watched, feeling helpless again, as the sun slowly sank in the sky and the shadows crawled across the lawn toward her. I wanted to push them back, but the darkness was needed the shadows took her. When the light was gone, her skin looked too pale ghostly. Her hair was dark again, almost black against her face.It was a frightening thing to watch like witnessing Alices visions come to fruition. Bellas steady, noticeable heartbeat was the only reassurance, the sound that kept this moment from feeling like a nightmare.I was relieved when her father arrived home.I could hear little from him as he drove down the street toward the house. Some vague annoyancein the past, something from his day at work. Expectation mixed with hunger I guessed that he was looking forward to dinner. But his thoughts were so quiet and contained that I could not be sure I was right I only got the gist of them.I wondered what her mother sounded like what the genetic combination had been that had formed her so uniquely.Bella started awake, jerking up to a sitting position when the tires of her fathers car hit the brick driveway. She stared around herself, seeming confused by the unexpected darkness. For one brief moment, her eyes touched the shadows where I hid, but they flickered quickly away.Charlie? she asked in a low voice, still peering into th e trees border the small yard.The door of his car slammed shut, and she looked to the sound. She got to her feet quickly and gathered her things, casting one more look back toward the woods. I moved into a tree closer to the back window near the small kitchen, and listened to their evening. It was interesting to compare Charlies linguistic communication to his muffled thoughts. His love and concern for his only daughter were nearly overwhelming, and yet his words were always terse and casual. Most of the time, they sat in companionable silence.I heard her discuss her plans for the following evening in Port Angeles, and I polished my own plans as I listened. Jasper had not warned Peter and Charlotte to stay clear of Port Angeles. Though I knew that they had fed recently and had no intention of catch any where in the vicinity of our home, I would watch her, just in case. After all, there were always others of my kind out there. And then, all those human dangers that I had never mu ch considered before now.I heard her worry aloud about leaving her father to prepare dinner alone, and smiled at this proof to my supposition yes, she was a care-taker.And then I left, knowing I would return when she was asleep.I would not trespass on her privacy the way the peeping tom would have. I was here for her protection, not to leer at her in the way Mike Newton no doubt would, were he agile enough to move through the treetops the way I could. I would not treat her so crassly.My house was empty when I returned, which was fine by me. I didnt miss the confused or disparaging thoughts, questioning my sanity. Emmett had left a note stuck to the newel post.Football at the Rainier field cmon Please?I found a pen and scrawled the word vicious beneath his plea. The teams were even without me, in any case.I went for the shortest of hunting trips, contenting myself with the smaller, gentler creatures that did not taste as good as the hunters, and then changed into fresh clothes b efore I ran back to Forks.Bella did not sleep as well tonight. She thrashed in her blankets, her face sometimes worried, sometimes sad. I wondered what nightmare haunted herand then realized that perhaps I really didnt want to know.When she spoke, she mostly muttered derogatory things about Forks in a glum voice. Only once, when she sighed out the words Come back and her hand twitched open a wordless plea did I have a chance to hope she might be dreaming of me. The next day of school, the last day the sun would hold me prisoner, was much the same as the day before. Bella seemed even gloomier than yesterday, and I wondered if she would bow out of her plans she didnt seem in the mood.But, being Bella, she would probably put her friends enjoyment above that of her own.She wore a deep blue blouse today, and the color set her skin off perfectly, making it look like fresh cream.School ended, and Jessica agreed to pick the other girls up Angela was going, too, for which I was grateful. I went home to get my car. When I found that Peter and Charlotte were there, I decided could soften to give the girls an hour or so for a head start. I would never be able to bear following behind them, driving at the speed limit hideous thought.I came in through the kitchen, nodding vaguely at Emmetts and Esmes greetings as I passed by everyone in the front path and went straight to the piano. Ugh, hes back. Rosalie, of course.Ah, Edward. I hate to see him suffering so. Esmes joy was becoming marred by concern. She should be concerned. This love story she envisioned for me was careening toward a tragedy more perceptibly every moment.Have fun in Port Angeles tonight, Alice thought cheerfully. Let me know when Im allowed to talk to Bella.Youre pathetic. I cant believe you missed the peppy last night just to watch somebody sleep, Emmett grumbled.Jasper paid me no mind, even when the song I played came out a little more stormily than Id intended. It was an old song, with a familia r theme impatience. Jasper was saying goodbye to his friends, who eyed me curiously.What a strange creature, the Alice-sized, white-blond Charlotte was thinking.And he was so normal and pleasant the last time we met.Peters thoughts were in sync with hers, as was usually the case.It must be the animals. The lack of human blood drives them mad eventually, he was concluding. His hair was just as fair as hers, and almost as long. They were very similar except for size, as he was almost as tall as Jasper in both look and thought. A well matched pair, Id always thought.Everyone but Esme stopped thinking about me after a moment, and I played in more subjugate tones so that I would not attract notice.I did not pay attention to them for a long while, just letting the music distract me from my unease. It was hard to have the girl out of sight and mind. I only returned my attention to their conversation when the goodbyes grew more final.If you see Maria again, Jasper was saying, a little wa rily, tell her I wish her well.Maria was the vampire who had created both Jasper and Peter Jasper in the latter half of the nineteenth century, Peter more recently, in the nineteen forties. Shed looked Jasper up once when we were in Calgary. It had been an eventful visit wed had to move immediately. Jasper had politely asked her to keep her distance in the future.I dont imagine that will happen soon, Peter said with a laugh Maria was undeniable dangerous and there was not much love lost between her and Peter. Peter had, after all, been instrumental in Jaspers defection. Jasper had always been Marias favorite she considered it a minor detail that she had once planned to kill him. But, should it happen, I certainly will.They were shaking hands then, preparing to depart. I let the song I was playing trail off to an unsatisfying end, and got hastily to my feet.Charlotte, Peter, I said, nodding.It was nice to see you again, Edward, Charlotte said doubtfully. Peter just nodded in retur n.Madman, Emmett threw after me.Idiot, Rosalie thought at the same time.Poor boy. Esme.And Alice, in a chiding tone. Theyre going straight east, to Seattle. No where near Port Angeles. She showed me the proof in her visions.I pretended I hadnt heard that. My excuses were already flimsy enough.Once in my car, I felt more relaxed the robust purr of the engine Rosalie had boosted for me last year, when she was in a better mood was soothing. It was a relief to be in motion, to know that I was getting closer to Bella with every mile that flew away under my tires.

Entrepreneurs are born and made Essay

There ar twain sides to every debate, and the what makes an entrepreneur argument has raged for decades with neither side able to conclusively prove their case. There be many who call up that an entrepreneur must possess personality traits such as vision, passion and come that ar innate and can non be taught. Others argue that the skills of evaluating opportunities, motivating people and operating a business be easily passed on to eager students looking to be entrepreneurs. The truth is that both sides are right and its time for a compromise Entrepreneurs are born(p) and made. Some people may be inhering entrepreneurs and immediately open a business, former(a)s impart chip in studied and trained long and hard earlier doing so, and while each may enjoy some success, neither will be as prospering as the person who possesses the inherent qualities and has spent the time to get the education and experience of the business world.A lot of studies and research have been done on this particular matter. In the beginning many theorists believe that people are either born entrepreneur or they are not. Professor of Psychology Alan Jacobowitz, afterwards conducting interviews to more than 500 entrepreneurs in a period of 3 years, concludes that entrepreneurs are born not made. He maintains that his subjects share common characteristics, which include restlessness, independence, a tendency to be a loner, and extreme self confidence. Still, other researchers maintain that in that location are other personality characteristics that are uniquely entrepreneurial including being innovative, body process oriented, high on need for personal control and highly autonomous.In addition to this, Jacobowitz alike devised a chronological schema of entrepreneurial indicator that he calls the five ages of entrepreneur. The ages are early childhood exposure, anesthetise in school, problems with work, desire to risk, and bliss in business independence. Jacobowitz believes thatentrepreneurial aptitude is static, which means that people are either born with the said characteristic or not. Initially this theory was supported by the bulk of theorists but other scholars criticize that it has yet to be empirically proven.John Kao, in his attempt to adjust entrepreneur in a more satisfying manner, holds that they are catalysts. They make things happen. They use creativity to have a bun in the oven rising things and zeal to implement them. In short, they are both creator and innovator. They both generate new idea and serve as the gentle vehicle by which implementation of that idea occurs. They take the hunk and run with it, overcoming obstacles in the way. Still others have also suggested what they term as entrepreneurial traits Thomas and his lad summarized the following traits in what they call the characteristics of entrepreneur distilled from 50 research studies. These traits include Total commitment, determination, and perseverance crowd to achie ve and grow Opportunity and goal orientation Taking initiative and personal responsibility unrelenting problem solving Realism and a sense of humor Seeking and using feedback Internal locus of control Calculated risk-taking and risk-seeking Low need for status and power Integrity and reliability.In many instances, entrepreneurs are often described as impulsive, gambling adventurer, intoxicated by his or her own adrenaline. But though they put themselves at risk, they are actually motivated to achieve something greater, which is what reprints them from the rest of people. Research also shows that they are more of a risk manager rather than risk-seeker. In addition, McLellands work on motion motivation may also help to understanding the entrepreneurship. McLelland holds that human beings are driven by 3 motives the need for achievement (accomplishing things), for affiliation (being with others) and for power (controlling others). Of these, the need for achievement is considered to be most relevant in understanding the entrepreneur.McLelland further maintains that this particular need derives from people who want to be responsible for solving their problems, pose their goals andreaching these goals through their own efforts. In addition to this they also desire some kind of stones throw for their accomplishments. This need for achievement is highly linked to entrepreneurial tendency. The entrepreneurial characteristics largely refer to innate qualities, which separate entrepreneurs from other people who do not seem to possess entrepreneurial traits. These qualities are what drive them to have a vision and remain motivated to pursue their lifelong goals either for personal or hardheaded reasons. It is these qualities that in gambling provide jobs for people.Trait theories are not completely condoned by entrepreneurial researchers. though many agree with what Jacobowitz identifies as entrepreneurial-type characteristics, mostly choose a more dynamic perspect ive on the matter. Trait theory nestle does not provide a distinction particularly to those of managers because traits that are utilise to describe the characteristics of an entrepreneur can just as easily apply to many managers it lacks specificity, refers largely to men, and is not applicable in all cultures. In his book, he further holds that entrepreneurship is environmentally determined, which means that there are certain conditions that will encourage entrepreneurial activities. This includes capital approachability, mechanisms for realizing value, and availability of other resources namely human resources, information resources such as libraries and data banks, and infrastructure resources such as inexpensive space. Other factors would also prove useful in creating an atmosphere conducive to entrepreneurial environment media attention, idea-generating institution, and cultural environment.David Burnett claims that entrepreneurs can be supplied if two important factors are present opportunity and willingness to beseem an entrepreneur. According to Praag, opportunity is the possibility to become self-employed if one wants to. And willingness is the relative valuation of work in self-employment compared to ones other options for employment. An persons willingness is positive if self-employment is considered as the best available career option, thus inherently affected by the anticipated market incentives that are available for would be entrepreneurs, namely andeconomic benefits.The supply of entrepreneurship is dependent on both private level factors and general economic factors. Therefore policymakers can foster potential entrepreneurs by creating a supportive atmosphere through initiative market reforms that both increase the market incentives and the availability of capital that available for entrepreneurs.Krueger and Brazeal offer a dynamic model in their approach towards understanding the entrepreneurial behaviors. It suggests that entrepreneuri al intention is based on the interaction between personal characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, background, and environment (situational background). They base their approach on Shaperos models of the entrepreneurial event in which entrepreneurship is defined as the pursuit of an opportunity disregarding of existing processes.Basically the model places emphasis on the notion that beliefs, perceptions and assumptions are learned within the context of a given environment (such as business or community). The attitudes and perceptions bring about intentions, which in turn affect behaviors. Through indirect relationship, the Krueger and Brazeal model proposes the following order individuals perceptions, attitudes and assumptions are form through environment or event. This later translates into intention, or potential, which is reflected in behavior. Thus, this approach suggests that entrepreneurial not altogether can be learned but can vary across individuals and situations.N affziger even suggests a timber further by stating that the intention to act entrepreneurially is influenced by the interaction of several factors namely individual characteristics, individual environment, business environment, an individuals personal set of goal, and the existence of a viable business idea. They will make comparisons between their perceptions and probable outcome intended targets, intended behavior and actual outcomes. If the outcomes meets or exceeds perceive outcomes, positive behavior toward entrepreneurial endeavors is reinforced. The same thing occurs if otherwise takes place.Though at the dawn of entrepreneurial researches, many believed that entrepreneurs were born, things have changed now. A lot has been understood about the nature of this idea. The processes involved in the business startups have been observed and analyzed to help people better equipped in embarking an entrepreneurial attempt. An change magnitude number of higher learning institutions, namely tertiary college education, support the idea that entrepreneurship can be taught. opus these schools may not produce entrepreneurs of Ford and Gates caliber, persuasive arguments for this notion have been made. The following examples would be cases in point in entrepreneurship-led development strategies further showing that entrepreneurs can actually be made.Conclusively, I would say that while some people are born to be successful entrepreneurs, those who arent born with such quality gift can learn and train to be such. Hence, entrepreneurs are born and made.

James Bond

Hello Sandeep, sorry I couldnt bring out it there yesterday, but I was not feeling well. For Monday read telephone number 2 of Othello answer the learn questions for Act 1 (they start with 11, I dont know why ) Well look at the Act 2 questions during class Art draw 2 faces following the instructions on this webpage http//www. wikihow. com/Draw-a-Face its a lot same(p) the other website, but also a little different, so youll master whatsoever different vagarys on how to do this. STUDY QUESTIONS FOR OTHELLO Act I, facet1 11. In Act I, scene 1 why does Iago say he hates Othello?What are all the charges he makes against the general? 12. Why does Roderigo hate Othello? 13. Why is the speech by Iago, lines 38 62, important in explaining what happens later? 14. Why should Roderigo pay peculiar(prenominal) attention to Iagos speech? 15. In Act I, scene 1, what is Iagos master plot to annoy Othello and Desdamona? 16. arrest all the examples in I, 1, of Iago referring to the sex in term of animals. 17. Find all the references in I, 1 of Othello as a devil. Find Iagos use of taboo words. 18. condone the contrast in the way Iago speaks to Brabantio and the way Roderigo speaks to him. 19.How does Brabantios attitude toward Roderigo change in the course of this scene? 20. What is Brabantios comment of why his daughter has run impinge on with Othello? 21. Why does this scene begin in the middle of a conversation? Act I, Scene 2 22. Who does Iago tell Othello badmouthed him to Brabantio? 23. Everyone says Othello is lucky to wed the daughter of the rich Brabantio, invite out Othello. Why is he not impressed? 24. develop what happens between Iago and Cassio in the short time Othello is off stage in the Sagittary (lines 47 52) 25. List all of the negative comments or words Brabantio uses to describe Othello. 6. How does Othello play off to the provocation of Brabantios attack? 27. Find five places in I, 2 where Othello exercises authority. Act I, Scene 3 28. At the beginning of I, 3 what do the duke and the council of Venice determine the Turks military objective to be? How does this relate to what happens later? 29. What is useful in Othellos first speech of justification (lines 76 94)? 30. explicate how the consanguinity between Othello and Desdamona began. Who first initiated the idea of eff? 31. How do we know Othellos second speech of justification (lines 127 169) was effective? 32.What makes the second speech of justification effective as a piece of language? 33. Why is Desdamonas rejoinder to her fathers question at lines 176 178 specially effective? 34. In this scene what does Desdamona tell us attracted her to Othello? What attracted her to him? 35. How does Desdamona argue that she should be allowed to accompany her husband to Cyprus? 36. What assurances does Othello propose the Council that he will take care of business, even if his wife is with him? 37. formulate Iagos parable of the garden (lines 314 327). 38 . Find all Iagos uses of the word love in this scene.Whats unusual about them? 39. How does Iago curb Roderigo in the lines 329 370? 40. What is the real debate Iago hates Othello? 41. Why is Cassio a particularly handy scapegoat for Iagos plot? Act II, Scene 1 42. soak up how Cassio acts when he lands at Cyprus, especially when Desdemona comes ashore. (II, 1, lines 42 97) 43. Why does Iago verbally attack his wife at II, 1, lines 99 110? 44. According to Iago what is all the most accomplished woman in the world is good for? (II, 1, lines 146 158) 45. Explain what Iago is talking about at II, 1, lines 165 175. 6. How does Iago convince Roderigo that Cassio is in love with Desdemona? (II, 1, ines 215 245) 47. What is ironic about Roderigos response to this news at II, 1, lines 248 249? 48. In Act I, 3 we hear how Othellos life story helped win the love of Desdemona. In Act II, 1, lines 220 225 we learn Iagos reaction to the same story. What? 49. What has changed since I, 3, in Iagos explanation on why he wants revenge on Othello and others? (II, 1, lines 285 311) Why has it changed? Act II, Scene 2 50. In II, 2, lines 12 29, what is Iago trying to get Cassio to do? Why? 51.How does Iagos personality change from the way hes behaved in the past? Why the change? 52. What is untempting about Cassios carriage as a drunk? 53. How does Iago manipulate the gentlemen of Cyprus to object to Cassios behavior? 54. Look at II, 2, lines 177 182. Why did Iago use those particular words? 55. What new aspect of Othellos personality do we see in II, 2, lines 201 215? 56. Describe how Iago, while apparently defending his friend Cassio actually encourages Othello to take action against him? (II, 2, lines 218 244) 57. Explain why Cassio reacts as he does at II, 2, lines 260 263? 8. Explain why Iagos advice at II, 2, 264 325 is a perfectly natural response? 59. In Iagos explanation of his revenge plot at II, 2, lines 333 359 are there any new motives for his behavi or? Act III, Scene 3 60. Is Desdemonas statement at III, 3, lines 20 27 surprising? How will it relate the outcome of the play? 61. Why does Desdemona push so hard for Cassio to get his job endure? 62. Explain the transportation at III, 1, lines 75 85. In what way are Othello and his wife operating at go through and through purposes? 63. How does Iago manipulate Othello in the personation from line 93 123? 64.How many times does Othello demand to know Iagos thoughts (or some variation on that theme) in the passage of III, 3, lines 93 164? Why doesnt Iago answer him? 65. How does Iago manipulate Othello in the passage from line 124 176? (Where is the first mention of cuckoldry in this scene? 66. How does Othello appear to escape Iagos trap in the passage lines 176 192? 67. How does Iago manipulate Othello in lines 193 213? Why does Othello fall for the role? 68. How does Iago manipulate Othello in lines 214 241? 69. At what point in the play does Iago know for sure that hes hooked Othello? 0. What are the reasons Othello believes Desdemona may have betrayed him? What does he decide to do about the betrayal? 71. Why does genus Emilia take Desdemonas handkerchief? What does that tell us about the relationship between Iago and his wife? 72. Why is Iago upset at Othellos reaction at lines 335 370? 73. How does Iago manipulate Othello at lines 371 423? 74. How does Iago manipulate Othello at lines 424 476? 75. In the sequence at III, 3, lines 330 370 how has Othellos attitude changed since we saw him last? 76. Explain why Othello threatens Iago at III, 3, lines 355 379.How do you think Iago feels when he is threatened with violence? 77. Where did Iagos dream (III, 3, lines 407 423) come from? Why did Iago select the particular details that he chose? 78. How does the relationship between Iago and Othello change in the last 30 lines of the scene? How does Shakespeare physically show the shift in power? 79. What do you think may have been going throu gh Iagos mind when he says, at line 472, But let her live? Act III, Scene 4 80. In Act III, 4, line 34, what does Othello mean by, O, hardness to dissemble ? 81. How does Emilia explain Othellos anger all over the missing handkerchief?How effective a liar is Desdemona? 82. Is Othellos handkerchief really magic? Argue twain yes and no. 83. How does Iago control the communications between Othello and all the other characters? Why does Desdemona excuse her husbands anger? 84. Who is Bianca and whats her riddle? What similarities does she have with Othello? Act IV, Scene 1 85. In the first 30 lines of IV, 1, how has the relationship between Iago and Othello changed since III, 3? 86. Why does Othello lose consciousness at IV, 1, lines 35 44? How does Iago explain what happened? Why? 87.Explain how Iago stages the dual, simultaneous manipulation of Cassio and Othello at IV, 1, lines 95 144. 88. Do you think Iago anticipated Biancas appearance at line 145? How is he able to use her a rrival to further his deception? 89. Whats different about Othellos attitude toward Desdemona lines 178 210? What causes this change? 90. Explain what is happening in the sequence at IV, 1, lines 218 261? Why goats and monkeys 91. How does Iago manipulate Lodovico in the last 20 lines of IV, 1? Act IV, Scene 2 92. What does Othello mean when he addresses Emilia at IV, 2, lines 27 30? 93.According to Othello whats the finish up part of being a cuckold? 94. Where in Act IV, 2, does Desdemona finally start to fight back? Explain her physical reaction right after Othello leaves at line 92. 95. Where in this scene does Emilia almost depict out what happened? Explain her husbands reaction to her speculations. 96. Who is the first person in the play to figure out Iagos duplicity? How is Iago able to manipulate this person, even after the truth is known? Act IV, Scene 3 97. What is the point of Act IV, 3? 98. Explain the difference between Desdemonas and Emilias attitudes toward adult ery. 9. Explain exactly how Iago manipulates both single person who appears in this scene. 100. Explain the significance of Iagos lines at IV, 3, lines 18 20. 101. Why does Iago accuse Bianca of complicity in the attack on Cassio? How is he able to make the case against her? Act V, Scenes 1 & 2 102. distinguish V, 1 and V, 2 in terms of characters motivations, actions, pace of the events, moral significance of the actions, etc. 103. Based on your sense of Act V, scene 2 (what happens and why it happens) argue that Iago wins the battle for Othellos soul. Then argue that Othello wins the battle.