April 19, 2001Tennessee State University has ren Essay Example For Students

April 19, 2001Tennessee State University has ren Essay tsuamed the Heiman Street Residential Complex the Harold E. Passage Sr. what's more, John N. Portage Residential Complex. The Ford siblings were joined by other relatives for services help April 18 on the grounds of the complex. It is superb to see such a significant number of legislators here today; we can hold a spending meeting at this moment, Harold Ford stated, as he brought up dignitaries in the crowd. They included Lieutenant Governor John Wilder, Deputy Governor Wendell Moore, Senator Gene Elsea, Senator Doug Henry, Senator James Kyle Jr., and Senator Randy McNally. In the wake of getting memorial endowments, the Fords shocked the crowd with a blessing to Tennessee State of $500,000. This is a genuinely remarkable gift, and the Fords can be certain Tennessee State University will effectively utilize it, said TSU President James Hefner. There are 12 kin in the Ford family, the majority of whom moved on from Tennessee State University. Close by for the introduction were sibling Joe Ford; sisters Joyce Ford Miller and Ophelia Ford; nephews James Ford Jr. what's more, Edmund Ford; and Autumn Ford, John Fords girl. Harold Ford Jr., U.S. Agent, handed-off his second thoughts for not having the option to join in, as did Governor Don Sundquist and previous VP Al Gore. I am glad today, said Lt. Gov. More stunning. Is it on account of the blocks and mortar we are perceiving today? No, however we need blocks and mortar. Is it due to Tennessee State University? No, however that is motivation to be glad. I am glad since I think back to Purdy, Tennessee, where Otis Floyd previous leader of Tennessee State University went to class in a one-room school building. He let me stroll close by. I am pleased when I consider Odell Horton United States District Judge for the Western District of Tennessee working in a cotton fix in Hardin County. He let me stroll close by. However, nothing makes me prouder than this family. I love you; God favor you.U.S. Agent Harold Ford Sr. turned into the main African American from the territory of Tennessee to be chosen for Congress and served from 1975 until his retirement in 1997. Representative John N. Passage has served in the Tennessee State Senate since 1974. He has been a key supporter of Tennessee State University all through his administrative residency and assumed a huge job during the advancement of the $112 million end-all strategy for grounds improvement. Both Congressman Ford and Senator Ford are graduated class of TSU who have persistently bolstered the college all through their vocations. The Harold E. Passage Sr. what's more, John N. Portage Residential Complex is a 122-unit abiding with single-inhabitance, two-and four-room condos. The $11 million complex has an all around named Community Center total with PC lab, magnificence salon, practice room, and action zone. Occupants rooms are satellite TV-and PC prepared, and PC workstations are a piece of each completely outfitted room. Tennessee State University is an exhaustive, urban, land-award college offering 43 unhitched males degrees, 26 experts degrees, and doctoral degrees in six territories: natural sciences, open organization, organization and oversight, educational plan and guidance, brain research, and PC and data frameworks designing. The college has been perceived for as long as seven years in U.S. News and World Reports Guide to Americas Best Colleges.For more data, contact TSU advertising at (615) 963-5331. Words/Pages : 540/24

Algorithm - 1 free essay sample

It might likewise be noted from the given models that to take care of a given issue, each guidance must be carefully done in a specific succession. It is this reality, which a novice to critical thinking by PCs discovers hard to appreciate. Portrayal of Algorithms There are different manners by which a calculation can be spoken to. Developers typically utilize at least one of the accompanying approaches to speak to their calculations: I. As projects 2, As flowcharts 3. As pseudocodes At the point when a calculation is spoken to as a programming language, it turns into a program. Subsequently, any program is a calculation, in spite of the fact that the opposite isn't accurate. Other than spoke to as projects, calculations are regularly spoken to as flowcharts and pseudocodes. These are the commo1ly IIsed apparatuses utilized by software engineers for program arranging, which can frequently be of monstrous assistance in building up a powerful and right calculation for a program, before it is coded into a programming language. We will compose a custom exposition test on Calculation 1 or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Flowchart A flowchart is a pictorial portrayal of a calculation. It is regularly utilized by developers as a program-arranging instrument for sorting out a succession of steps important to take care of an issue by a PC. It utilizes boxes of various shapes to signify various sorts of guidelines. The genuine guidelines are composed inside these crates utilizing clear and succinct explanations. These crates are associated by strong lines having bolt checks to show the progression of activity, that is, the specific arrangement where the directions are to be executed. The way toward drawing a flowchart for a calculation is frequently alluded to as flowcharting.

3 Simple Tips and Tricks for Future Blog Pros

3 Simple Tips and Tricks for Future Blog Pros Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!3 Simple Tips and Tricks for Future Blog ProsUpdated On 18/05/2014Author : Jennifer W.Topic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/1p1Y2dz CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogStarting a blog, contrary to some popular belief, isnt simply about sharing random thoughts. You can get into blogging on your own, by contributing to other blogs, editing blogs, putting your creative online to share with friends, or even just taking online writing classes.While it makes for some interesting reading and can get you a handful of dedicated readers, know this:The concept of the weblog, the original coined term that has evolved to the more well-known word blog, is essentially a collection of links from all over the web with your introductions and opinions about them.The point of a blog is to help the internet circulate even more â€" the more links, the more they pop up on search engi nes; the more they pop up, the more people all over the web will find those links.1. Expand your TopicsSo make sure youre not simply writing about yourself. An effective blog will be about some sort of topic that will be meaningful on some level to a large assortment of people of varying ages.Make no mistake, though: your readers need to know who you are, so dont hold anything back just because it might not be trendy enough for the general reading population.If some ideas or links youve found seem stupid, thats probably all the more reason to include it on your blog!2. Credit your SourcesKeep in mind that its also important to credit your sources, giving readers the chance to check on what youve found. Your purpose with the blog isnt necessarily to gain readers â€" its to spread information all over the internet. Dont misunderstand, though â€" you will gain readers no matter what, but not primarily because of your efforts; rather, itll be the efforts of many all over c yberspace producing viable, malleable, and worthwhile content that is both important and valid to you as well as many others.The key is connection. Achieving readers of the same mind and feeling will automatically put you at the top of the blogging list. Thats why its not simply about you. Keep that in mind as you write a blog on whatever topic interests you â€" whether its politics, religion, fashion, horror movies, cartoon rabbits, or whatever else!READ5 Awesome Simple Steps To Find Your SEO RankScoreIf youre looking for connections to other bloggers, you can reach a larger audience by guest blogging. Theres a ton of sites out there that say they accept guest blogging   (even this one). And if they dont and youre really interested simply ask!3. Guest PostYoure also not limited to regular blogs, you can expand into contributing to news sites and even contributing small bits and pieces to Tumblr blogs that accept submissions.This might be surprising to you, but if you want q uality content for your blog, you better start reading, watching TV, watching movies, and maybe even traveling.The more you experience in your life, the more you are able to harness your own creativity and ability to produce quality content on a regular basis. Thats the important thing about a blog: regular content. You cant simply stop for a month and expect to keep your readers.Continual updates are important.Because a blog continually grows, with archives lasting until youve deleted your blog, its also important to re-post some of your past work for anyone who mightve missed them in the first place. Whatever news you find or stories youve heard, set up an interval where you can write links to your previous posts, or simply re-post all of it â€" whichever you prefer.Its all about how you want to do it. Its your blog. Just know the role you have and the readers youre looking for. Youll already be one step closer to being one of the future blog pros of the century.This article is written by Jennifer Williams. She is a traveler who feels grounded by her new found love of blogging. Shes a writer, turned traveler, turned blogger.

Technology Factors in Virtual Teams Leading to Conflict - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2973 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Technology Factors in Virtual Teams Leading to Conflict Thesis Statement and Introduction Virtual Teams (VTs) are group of individuals with a common goal that are separated geographically and communicate thru the use of technology (Pazos, 2012). Virtual teams open up a whole new world of possible reasons for conflicts and challenges to conflict resolution. Understanding the factors that lead to conflicts, the communication methods and the responsibility of Human Resources (HR) or the third party in conflict resolution is important to be able to develop effective understanding of conflict resolution in virtual teams. Background of Research The shift to flatter organizations, cost saving measures, globalization (Germain and McGuire, 2014), and the advancement of technology has led to the growth of the massive use of VTs. According to PeÃÆ' ±arroja, Orengo, Zornoza, and HernÃÆ' ¡ndez, (2013), as teams become more virtual there is an increasing negat ive effect of collaborative behaviours and team trust. Many researches have correlated that conflict affect the performance of VTs in terms of decreasing it (Ayoko, Konrad and Boyle, 2012; Pazos, 2012; Moreno, Navarro, Zornoza and Ripoll, 2009). As a result of the very fast growth of the VTs usage, these teams are treated are regular face-to-face teams in terms of management, this has caused numerous conflicts and an increased concentration on research on this topic (Shin, 2005). Dain et. al. (2012) argue that the essentials of team building are still there but globalization and technology are the new dimensions which is making it harder for managers. The three commonly discussed points in current researches on conflict resolution in virtual teams are trust, cultural diversity and communication medium or the technology responsible for establishing communication. Comparison of Different Theories It is highly likely that team members in a virtual team do not know each other. In this kind of situation it is possible that teams may not success if they do not trust each other, but the members are not aware of each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s abilities and weakness living the members with no foundation to build trust. Germain and McGuire (2014) introduce the concept of swift trust. It is a short term trust that is built on the foundation of blind trust. Blind trust, as bad as it sounds, is an essential factor making virtual team work and avoid conflicts at the start of the project and get things goings. The second point is cultural diversity. Stahl, Maznevski, Voigt and Jonsen (2010) have stated that cultural diversity in teams is both an asset and liability. It is the ability of the team to manage cultural diversity is key in avoiding conflicts. This point shall only be lightly discussed on this paper as it fairly huge topic in itself. The third common point is the technology itself. As Drouin, Bourgault, and Gervais (2010) state that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a number of studies showing that computer-mediated communication may be associated with an increase in intragroup conflict (p. 6).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Lyons, Priest, Wildman, Salas, and Carnegie (2009) add that it is due to the increased chances of misinterpretation. A great deal of papers on virtual teams talk about avoiding conflict but according to Pazos (2012) says that aside from commitment to goals, an active involvement in conflict resolution leads to a higher performance. Ayoko, Konrad and Boyle (2012) state that project. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“VTs managed their conflict using mediation, apology, explanations, positive reinforcement, and feedback seeking behaviors (p. 172).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In their work the word mediation is being used interchangeably with conflict resolution. They also talk about that this kind of system must be available to the VTs. Shin (2005) introduces this concept through two distinct system fitted to the needs for both conflict resolution and mediation. He in troduces the Virtual Negotiation System (VNS) which most closely matches conflict resolution since it includes the five conflict styles (Competition, Avoidance, Compromise, Accommodation and Collaboration); and Virtual Mediation System (VMS) which is for mediation. In both of this systems the third party can also be geographically dispersed. Main discussion Trust is considered a big component on all relationships, whether it is personal relationship or a working relationship. It is built overtime that is based on a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assessment of other personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavior (Tseng and Yeh, 2013). In VTs this is not possible because often all or some of the members of the team are new. Considering Tuckmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Group Development Stages (Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing), will always bring the groups back to the storming phase every time a new member is added. In fact Harvey, Novicevic, and Garrison (2004), add that it happens in VTs wi thin the time frame they are working not just when the teams are newly created for a new project. In the world of business, this means delays and in the view of conflict resolution more conflicts will occur. Earlier in this paper the concept of swift trust was pointed out. As a form a blind trust to get things going, but it also can fuel conflicts if each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations are not achieved. Since there is no factual basis on building trust, stereotyping and categorization can and is likely going to happen (Germain and McGuire, 2014). Thus, introducing a new avenue for conflicts. A point to be emphasized in this problem, caused by stereotyping and categorization, is that it may worsen conflicts or cause conflicts that are serious or cause permanent damage not just to the relationship but also the reputation of the persons involved. At the end of the day the problem of trust remains a problem whether it is going back to the storming phase every time just to develop trust or applying swift trust which causes new problems that ultimately end up in increased chances of conflict. The main reason that technology can cause misunderstanding is best explained by HoltbrÃÆ' ¼gge, Schillo, Rogers and Friedmann (2011) as they state: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“As electronic media are only able to transmit para-verbal and non-verbal elements of messages to a very limited degree, the risk of misunderstandings and conflicts increases (p. 4).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In a simpler sense the words are being transmitted without the sub-contextual cues such as gestures that supplement during conversation without these, receivers of messages may not be able to tell the difference between a strong acceptance and a reluctant acceptance. During regular face-to-face discussion, a mere crossing of hands signals some sort of dissent which cannot be seen using a computer mediated communication, video conferencing may help but according to Moreno, Navarro, Zornoza and Ripoll (2009) litt le has been known about the benefits of videoconferencing in avoiding conflicts. Ayoko, Konrad and Boyle (2012) point that aside from the limitations of technology, conflicts can be aggravated due to communication delays caused by time zone differences or in message delivery problems. Native languages can also play a role in further fueling conflict. People with different native language communicating in English will use different ways to say the same things as they will subconsciously match it with the structure of the native language causing delivering a different meaning than intended. Hsu and Chou (2009) presents that introducing the communicative genres (patterns) can help solve this problem in their statement: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an integration of communication interface that incorporating needed genres for learners to fluently and transparently coordinate is suggested to develop as having individuals to collaborate virtually (p. 10).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Considering the state of the current speech recognition technologies which fails to simply translate what is said in to written words, this is a long way and it make take decades before a working prototype can be developed. As of the moment, nothing can prevent language from causing conflicts. An added point to look at is sub-accent with in countries (i.e. USA, India). Often in large countries (but not always, it is possible in small countries too) there are different accents and ways of speaking the same language which pushes this cause for conflict in to deeper grounds by adding another layer of complexity. Another problem with technology is its availability and accessibility. Availability is the resources that can be used in communication (i.e. device, internet access, etc.) while accessibility is being able to actually connect to the person, person may have all the resources but keeping them off or not answering the call would not allow any form of communication. This can fuel conflicts or during confli ct resolution can allow a great and easy escape for avoiders. This is further supported by Furumo (2009) in his/her research he finds out that deserter are more likely to use the avoidant conflict management style than any other in VTs. However, the research also finds the use of avoidant conflict management style is not as significantly high as expected. Interestingly, the research also points that trust is also a vital factor that in making a team member an avoider. Avoiders present a big challenge in VTs because just to convince them or get them to conflict resolution is hard. It is because that you cannot just approach the avoiders personally or send a person to them, since if it would have been possible then it will befit the very purpose of creating a VT or would be otherwise be expensive; and attempting to call the avoider will not yield any result for the reason that he/she will not answer or reply to any communication attempt. Additionally distinguishing a person who is rea lly an avoider from those who have poor connectivity would also present a challenge. Both of them will be showing the same signs for a certain time enough to cause undue conflict. These has also been pointed out earlier that any communication delay can increase the chances of conflict in this case carrying the assumption that the person is an avoider, even though the reality is he/she is having connectivity problems. Before this point technology has been treated as able to get things done but not so perfectly. Thomas and Bostrom (2010) also gave a look at two simple but important points that further pushes technology as a vital factor in causing conflict. Firstly, they point to adequacy of technology whether it is able to do the task or not. Technology not being able to or partially do the task will place the pressure on person working, forcing him/her to use the manual paper and pen techniques or do endless adjustment causing more stress, fatigue and time. This seems to be the p erfect environment to brew conflicts. And lastly the inadequacy of knowledge of using technology, this is another teeth-grinder. A great example of this is the mix of generational work force in the workplace today, there are lots of difference among the generation and one of which is technology literacy. Generally, millennials are defined as more tech savvy, followed by generation X which are considered as only tech literate and the baby boomers which have not grown to use technology and often prefer the same old ways. This presentation is enough to support the fact that this is another fertile ground for causing conflicts. In elaboration, millennials would love to do something on computers while Baby Boomers may not trust the output by this technology. Inadequacy of knowledge on technology does not just span in inter-generational situations but also it can still cause conflicts among the same generation. With so software systems today being so advanced that simple usage of those sy stem with ignorance can cause major problems or possible financial losses to the establishments. Another problem that can cause conflict is that fact that there is a wide variety of software available for a certain task and the stereotypical expectation that if someone knows how to do a certain thing would mean that person know a certain kind of software regardless of the possibility of it can also be done on other systems as well. These two facts combined plus the idea of personal preference or expectation is enough to cause scenarios like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I am doing it the right wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“You are doing it wrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , thus leading to a possible conflict. VNS (and VMS) is a great tool that uses technology in conflict resolution but upon further analyses the same problems can be identified with technology. Depending on the communication medium used, it still lacks the easily notable non-verbal cues that can be essentially used by the third part y to work most proficiently. It still does not solve the problem of the avoiders which are going to be able to avoid conflicts. Additionally, language problem still remains in VNS proposing a heavy challenge on conflict resolution. Another concept that has come around is Virtual Human Resources Development (VHRD). It is the development of team members to learn how to handle HR related problems, inclusive of which conflict resolution. Human Resource Development experts are becoming partners rather than experts in solving business problems (Germain and McGuire, 2014). Tong, Yang, and Teo (2013) extends this notion that all team aside from the needs IT-related training must be trained in conflict resolution. In whole of this paper, idea the technology failing to provide the full communication channel has been pointed out as a cause for conflict and or leading to other sub causes. But looking back, when there were no VTs, there were still conflicts. For convenience, this will be call ed natural conflict for this paragraph and conflict caused by the weakness of technology artificial conflict. Now the questions, comes How do you differentiate a natural and an artificial conflict? This is a great deal of concern because it will greatly affect the way conflict resolution would have to be conducted. An artificial conflict treated as a natural conflict will be attempted to be resolved in the wrong way. Again, this will introduce another avenue for a new and more complex conflict. The same thing will apply in the reverse situation, wherein the natural conflict will be treated as an artificial conflict. In this scenario, it can be said that it will not affect in a much harsher way than the latter but will still fail. Conclusion In this paper, various causes for conflicts were pointed out and as to why these causes are creating or fueling conflicts in VTs. Technology, trust, language were identified and analyzed as cause for conflict. Technology was identified as a cause for conflict due to its inherent weakness failing to provide a complete communication channel. Trust because there is no quick and easy way of establishing it. Language is another half of the communication problem in VTs because interpretations may fail to deliver the appropriate message. Additionally, the methods or systems that aim to respond to conflict were also put forth but it was later found that these methods or systems fall into the same trap or introduce problems that should not have occurred otherwise (i.e. stereotyping as a result of swift trust). And some systems have been visualized but are currently not possible to be built for now. Conflict resolution in VTs is a great concern to big and small establishments. At the moment it is still new and the whole world is still learning on how to tackle the problems associated with VTs. References Ayoko, O. B., Konrad, A. M., Boyle, M. V. (2012). Online work: Managing conflict and emotions for performance in vi rtual teams.European Management Journal,30, 156-174. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2011.10.001. Daim, T., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W., Bhatla, A. (2012). Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams. International Journal of Project Management, 30, 199-212. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.06.004 Drouin, N., Bourgault, M., Gervais, C. (2010). Effects of organizational support on components of virtual project teams. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 3(4), 625-641. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538371011076082 Furumo, K. (2009). The impact of conflict and conflict management style on deadbeats and deserters in virtual teams. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 49(4), 66-73. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/232573166?accountid=10818 Germain, M., McGuire, D. (2014). The role of swift trust in virtual teams and implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources , 16(3), 356-370. doi: 10.1177/1523422314532097. Harvey, M., Novicevic, M., Garrison, G. (2004). Challenges to staffing global virtual teams. Human Resource Management Review,14, 275-294. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2004.06.005 HoltbrÃÆ' ¼gge, D., Schillo, K., Rogers, H., Friedmann, C. (2011). Managing and training for virtual teams in India. Team Performance Management, 17(3), 206-223. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527591111143727 Jung-Lung Hsu, Huey-Wen Chou. (2009). The effects of communicative genres on intra-group conflict in virtual student teams. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 7(1), 1-22. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/201700873?accountid=10818 Lyons, R., Priest, H., Wildman, J., Salas, E., Carnegie, D. (2009). Managing Virtual Teams: Strategies for Team Leaders. Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications. January 2009 17: 8-13. doi:10.1518/106480409X415152. MartÃÆ' ­nez-Moreno E., Gonzà ƒÆ' ¡lez-Navarro P., Zornoza, A., Ripoll, P. (2009). Relationship, task and process conflicts and team performance: The moderating role of communication media. International Journal of Conflict Management, 20(3), 251-268. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10444060910974876. Pazos, P. (2012). Conflict management and effectiveness in virtual teams. Team Performance Management, 18(7), 401-417. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527591211281138 PeÃÆ' ±arroja, V., Orengo, V., Zornoza, A., HernÃÆ' ¡ndez, A. (2013). The effects of virtuality level on task-related collaborative behaviors: The mediating role of team trust.Computers in Human Behavior,29, 967-974. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.020 Shin, Y. (2005). Conflict Resolution in Virtual Teams. Organizational Dynamics, 34(3), 331-345. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2005.08.002. Stahl, G., Maznevski, M., Voigt, A., Jonsen, K. (2010). Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of resea rch on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4), 690-709. doi: 1 0. 1 057/jibs.2009.85. Thomas, D. M., Bostrom, R. P. (2010). Vital signs for virtual teams: an empirically developed trigger model for technology adaptation interventions. MIS Quarterly, 34(1), 115-142. Tong, Y., Yang, X., Teo, H. (2013). Spontaneous virtual teams: Improving organizational performance through information and communication technology. Business Horizons, 56, 361-375. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2013.01.003 Tseng, H., Yeh, H. (2013). Team members perceptions of online teamwork learning experiences and building teamwork trust: A qualitative study. Computers Education, 63, 1-9. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.013 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Technology Factors in Virtual Teams Leading to Conflict" essay for you Create order

Deconstructing the Obvious Schindler’s List - 990 Words

Deconstructing the Obvious: Schindler’s List In the film, Schindler’s list, many film techniques were used to present important ideas of the film. There were many scenes that took place in the movie that stood out and was filled with film techniques. The liquidation of the ghetto was filled with important themes and ideas that were shown through various film techniques. The ending also presented various film techniques. During the liquidation of the ghetto, a girl who is wearing a red coat, which is the only thing in color, is calmly walking though the ghetto with all the chaos around her. During this scene, the filmmakers show Schindler’s face and then back to the girl, and then back to his face. This technique is called†¦show more content†¦At the end of the film, the Holocaust is finally coming to an end. Schindler decides to flee because he may be arrested for being a member of the Nazi party and for profiting from slave labor. Before Schindler leave s, Stern comes up to him and hands him a ring. Schindler accidently drops the ring and he urgently gets on his knees to pick it up. During this scene, the camera uses the technique of TRACKING, or moving with the action, by following Schindler’s movement towards the ground in order to show the urgency and the importance of the ring to Schindler. This scene also shows the â€Å"new version† of Schindler that cares for the people more than materialistic things. During this scene, the filmmakers use shot-reverse-shot of Oskar and Stern to show their emotions through their facial expression. When Schindler states that he did not do enough, the camera scale changes from close up to MID SCALE, which shows the clear focus but also the setting. This was done to show the massive amounts of people behind Stern that Schindler has saved. When Schindler is leaving in his car, the FOCALIZATION, or the focus of a certain object in the scene and the blurring effect of others, is use d to show Schindler’s facial expression that shows sadness and then shows the reflection of the Jews that he saved on the car window to show the amount of people he saved and to show the individuality of each person he saved. Schindler’s List by Steven Spielberg is filled with filming

Artificial Intelligence is the Highest Form of Technology

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Artificial Intelligence can neverRead MoreThe Idea Of Artificial Intelligence1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of Artificial Intelligence is a widely discussed topic, mostly filled with propaganda, in an Information Technology ruled society like ours today. As said by Christof Koch, president and chief scientific officer of the Allen institute for Brain Science in Seattle: â€Å"Within a decade these instances of ‘weak’ or ‘narrow’ AI—able to replicate specific human tasks—will permeate society. Siri is only the beginning. Driverless cars and trucks will become the norm, and our interactions i n supermarketsRead MoreEssay on Self Driving Automobiles. Is it reality?1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthis technology driven by artificial intelleigence is just around the corner. Don’t freak out if driving in Nevada, and you see a car driving by iteself, the state issued the first licence for a self driven car. The vehicle is identified by a red licence plate along with an infinity symbol. Other states including Florida and California have also passed laws to run the test cars and other states and provinces and countrys will be next in line. citation While researching the topic, artificial intelligenceRead MoreSome Principles Of Stratification By Kingsley Davis And Wilbert E. Moore1672 Words   |  7 Pagessociety is â€Å"classless,† or unstratified, an effort is made to explain, in functional terms, the universal necessity which calls forth stratification in any social system† (16). The unequal distribution of goods and resources, or stratification, is what forms varying social classes (17). I agree with this because the amount of access people have to resources, impacts their education level, life skills, and job opportunities. For example, if there are two children, one of whom is able to afford school suppliesRead MoreEthical Issues Of Artificial Intelligence1783 Words   |  8 PagesTo be specific, artificial intelligence is the core subject under programming that has a particular subcase that is affected. This subject is automation which includes, but not limited to, robotics and human machine interface. Th e specific topics can be interrelated when viewing it in a computer/electrical engineer’s perspective. They pose both good and bad situations for consumers which I will evaluate for each case. Keep in mind that automation is a product artificial intelligence which is the coreRead MoreThe Growth Of A New Standard For Accounting Services1272 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts being shipped to customer’s door via drone. This type of technology would substitute the traditional form of shipping an item. This type of innovation attracts the millennials due to the ability to provide a service in minutes rather than days. It is no surprise that millennials are used to technology and the ability to obtain things in the matter of minutes. However, when a company is able to offer a service based off of new technology, millennials show great interest. This type of interest isRead MoreTheme Of Nurture In Frankenstein1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough Victor Frankenstein’s unyiel ding ambition to go beyond the laws of nature and cultivate scientific advances in the medical field, without developing a paternal relationship with his creation and understanding the dangers of its degree of intelligence. Within the world Shelley creates, Frankenstein exceeds the laws of the natural world through the dangerous attempt to create human life from sewn body parts and an electrical current. Shelley writes this cautionary tale around the time of the

South Africa free essay sample

The population of South Africa was classified into four groups which was the Black, White, Indian, and Colored. The Colored group included people regarded as being of mixed descent including people of Bantu, and European ancestry and much more. Knowing that Apartheid was a system of laws created to keep the white population in control. The Group Areas act of 1951 controlled people where they could of live. The black where driven far away from their city, although their jobs were still in the cities in the white neighborhood. The Bantu education Act meant that the black students were disadvantaged with their education. â€Å"Bus fares were expensive and catching public transport everyday was expensive and caused hardship and depression for the black people. † (Wikipedia) The apartheid policy was highly effective of achieving its goal of privileged conduct for whites. On the other hand, the white population supported apartheid because they felt it was there to own the land of South Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on South Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were many white pro apartheid people because of the much larger population of black South Africans causing the white people to believe that if the black were given rights and freedom, they would of no longer have political power. The white people were worried because they thought that their race would be taken over and they would lose the control that they always had. As a final point, In February 1990 President FW de Klerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela and began the exclusion of the Apartheid system. In 1992 a white council approved the reform process and on April 27, 1994 the first democratic elections were held in South Africa with people of all different races being able to vote. After the Apartheid came to an end in South Africa, people had more freedom. The Africans now have a little more money now that it’s not all going to the white. South Africa is now peaceful and the anniversary of the elections, which was held on April 27, is celebrated as a public holiday in South Africa known as Freedom Day.

A Personal Rite of Passage an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The First Time I Lived In an Apartment: A Personal Rite of Passage Eduard Lindeman (1921) once said that civilization is marked by the need of mankind to establish good human relationships (1). He stated, Man is destined by nature and by environment to live in cooperation with his fellow-men (Lindeman 1921, 1). This forms culture and social organization, as it brings about cordial relationships between its members for the sake of harmony, perpetuation, and self-preservation. To mark the existence of this state of reality, French anthropologist Charles-Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957) insisted that there are certain rites that highlight changes during a particular stage of a lifetime, especially during special episodes (i.e., birth, puberty, marriage, parenthood, death) that appear to be almost constant whatever culture or race they may be under. These are what he called rites of passage, which points to a certain flow of events and changes, which cover distinct and similar features that are marked by culturally defined biological and social phases: (1) separation, (2) transition, and (3) re-incorporation (Goggins II 2004, 4). Need essay sample on "The First Time I Lived In an Apartment: A Personal Rite of Passage" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The rites of passage reflect social phases that human beings pass over during their lives, such as birth, first steps, first words spoken, first day of school, first learned how to ride bicycle, first cigarette, first girlfriend etc.. There are many kinds of rites (e.g., religious, social, psychological), but for the American citizens, the most usual ones in this heteronormative cultureaside from the ones that were mentionedinclude the moment we first live on our own. This is a rite that almost every American citizen lives even to this day. Thus, using the rite of experiencing the first time to live on my own, the paper reveals this transition in the three corporate stages stated by van Gennep. Students Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals:How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper online?Essay writers suggest: Choose The Qualified Help In Writing PapersEnglish Essays For Sale Professional Writer For Hire Cheap Writing Services Buy Papers Online The First Stage: Separation The first stage of the rites of passage is separation. This reflects a stage wherein the initiate begins to separate from the old ways to gather new skills, trends, and concepts. Being a 22-year-old male, this stage started only recently or less than a year ago, when I decided I had to move out of my parents house to live in an apartment that is about eighteen kilometers away from what I used to call home. I know that other friends of mine started this stage at an earlier age as compared to mine. One pal of mine started it during his youth stage, when he was about 16 years old. Another pal started it at the start of his adult stage, when he was about 18. But I am a quarter Native American, and it has been our culture that sons and daughters should not be pushed to do what they do not think they want to do unless they have decided that it is the right time to do it. This gives us freedom and sovereignty. I started to enter the separation stage because of some psychological and social phases that I underwent knowing that, in my crowd (especially in school), I am one of the few remainings that have not gone through this type of living-alone transition yet. This social disturbance went its way through the psychological level of my being, and having to live a kind of bland, featureless life made me want to separate myself from my family. I have interviewed a common pal of mine to ask what he thought when I told him the news less than a year ago. As he stated out, Yeah. We thought, pal, that you werent about to make a final say for yourself. I mean, come on, man, youre not about to stay still until youre too old to stand up would you? (name, personal interview, 20 July 2007). The roles of these comrades, even if they werent that close to me, were still very significant to my decision to finally choose to live on my own. The separation stage was the most significant stage for me because it revealed the courage to do some transitions that led to the rite of passage. To celebrate the rite, my friends and I went to the ___________ Club and then spent about six hours, while I tried to figure out the next thing I had to do. The Second Stage: Transition The second stage of the rites of passage is called the transition. Here, the initiate enters the phase of non-member and ends it under the phase member. After understanding who I really am, or what I am about to do, I felt that my life was really starting to take form. We (there were three of us going through a living-alone transition) know that there would be new obstacles and complications along the way, such as looking for better means in earning money. Yet for me, the real purpose and meaning of life was starting to appear, and I finally felt some kind of a mental and psychological inner force, entailing me to reach the other end that almost all my friends have already been enjoying. In my desire to know what my family really felt during this significant transition of mine, I asked for the opinion of my uncle who lives in [place]. This was what he said: Yeah, boy, it was good to see you finally learnin to stand on your own two feet. When I started to live on my own I was about half your age. Well, life was simpler and easier back on those good ol days. You just kinda shift that ol horse and put grass on the mouth youre more likely to succeed livin! Hahah! Now you cant do that anymore. And I sure am glad you finally managed to stand up, boy! (Uncle ___________, personal interview, 22 July 2007) I started out with the transition stage as a non-member during the time when I announced to my family, during our meal, that I have finally decided to live on my own. I sure am glad that they wonderfully accepted my decision. They asked if it was really what I wanted, and I said yes. My dad was so happy seeing his young boy grown up that he said it would be good to go fishing in the afternoon. It is obvious that fishing has been our familys rite or ritual every time something good and encouraging happens within the family. My brother and sister went with us, so did my mom. About 20 days after, I was already very far from them at Minnesota, and I succeeded in going through the transition stage alive. The Third Stage: Re-incorporation Finally, the third stage is called the re-incorporation, wherein a newly transitioned member gets to be reaccepted again by the community, with the latter expecting the initiate to carry out missions or purposes in the societal trends. This state of passage is the final stage, as the initiate is stripped from its bygone identity after being separated from its previous social status and norm. Regarding my personal rite of beginning to live alone, I realized that I underwent it without being forcefully moved or encouraged. Unlike the earlier rituals of other races, the U.S. culture of the 21st century reflected one that need not be forced or compelled. There are obligations, of course, which initially redefine my new social standing, such as being able to accomplish my duties and responsibilitiesmy commitment to stand alone in front of the world. Over the cultural history of America, this transition of being able to live alone in a separate room, house, or apartment marks the adolescen ce of the human being. It was Erikson who stated that, in an individuals life cycle, there are actually eight ages of the life cycle: childhood and adolescence wrap up the first five stages, while the last three stages are on adulthood and the predicament that goes with it (Kaye 2002). This leads us to the statement that, in America, the rite of living alone for the first time reflects the end of the first five stages and the start of the sixth stage, which is on adulthood and the predicament that goes with it. Even Elliot Jaques developed Eriksons theory when he stressed the importance of mid-life crisis during individual development (Kaye 2002). The time I finished the transition stage and entered the re-incorporation stage, I was into adult learning, which appears to be the basic foundation of an adult beings capacity to learn, to survive, to mingle, to reflect, and to relate. I felt that, while I was going through this third stage, the social community was on its brink of accepting me again into their world. Man is born with three instinctive traits, which, in a large degree, give direction to all his motives and his act. Each of us is born with the impulse to preserve his own life Each normal human being is also endowed with the instinct to perpetuate himself And each of us is born with the impulse to express his own personality. Eduard C. Lindemann 1921 The three stages of the personal rite of passage that I experienced less than a year ago appeared to be smooth flowing and victorious. I personally acknowledge that fact to my family and friends, who both helped me go through a basic transition in my life, which for me is very, very important. There may not be some initiated rite procedures like cutting the hair, putting tattoos, or scarification, yet the family and community trend (i.e., celebrating through fishing, going to the club) can be a reminder that personal rites mirror the culture and lifestyle of the specific initiate. Another significant sign of the rite that points to the successful celebration of being able to live alone is the use of beautiful clothing, ornaments, special food, music and dancing that the heteronormative culture of America has embedded in its culture. Initiation rites of the United States of America depend on the social standing, culture, and race of the initiate. Because our country is a very diverse country, the manner of feasting and going over the rites of passage can also be described as diverse. I told my mom during the celebration that there wont be a lot of stress, anyway, since I would be sharing my room with two of my closest friends. Yes, I know, son. Im happy that youve grown now and that you know how to live on your own. But if in any case youd need some hand or whatever, just tell us and wed hand you over the keys, she insisted before I left to gather all my belongings to Dads car. Yes, I know that, Ma. There wont be much I should be doing anyway. All I would need to do is to just survive thats all! Yet the thought suddenly made me frown. BIBLIOGRAPHY Goggins II, Lathardus. The Academic STARS Retention Model: An Empirical Investigation of its Effectiveness. Soup and Substance Series (2004, February 11): 1-26. Powerpoint presentation. Available from the National Coalition for African-Centered Rites of Passage database. Kaye, Jeffrey. Adult Development and Psychotherapy, (2002). Database on-line. Available at Jeffrey Kaye, Ph.D. database. Khalaf, May. Inquiry Reports: Rites of Passage: van Gennep and Beyond. Introduction to Ritual Studies I, (2001). Database on-line. Available at Thom Parkhills Homepage, St. Thomas University database. Lindeman, Eduard C. The Community: An Introduction to the Study of Community Leadership and Organization. New York: The International Committee of Young Mens Christian Association, 1921. Rite of Passage. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, (2007). Database on-line. Available at Answers Corporation database.

Reform Impulse essays

Reform Impulse essays Today many people speak about the pace and revolutionary speed of life. It appears that this has to be the time of greatest change in American history. Those who lived in the United States during the mid-1800s may have thought differently. When Alexis de Tocqueville visited the U.S. in 1831, he was amazed not only by the nation's fast pulse but also by the reaction of the citizens to this tremendous growth. Americans were surely on the move, but not everyone agreed on the direction. Many were worried about territorial expansion, increasing population and expanding diversity that was causing increasing animosity and selfishness that individualism brings. These concerns initiated the reform tradition or reform impulse as it is Individuals from a wide range of backgrounds and interests had various reasons for wanting reform or changing the direction they saw the country moving. Humanitarian or secular organizations hoped to reduce the stresses and inequities created by social disorder, violence, and widening class divisions. Others wanted to spread the word of God and eliminate the arising societal evils. Specific-cause associations included the American Temperance Society, the American Peace Society and the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism. The American Bible Society, the American Tract Society and the American Female Moral Reform Society were among the religious groups that brought the missionary effort to the U.S. population. For whatever the problemcrime, poverty, prostitution, intemperance and ignorancean organized effort existed. Temperance often headed the list of the moral reform enterprises, since drinking was such a critical part of American culture. The consumption of whisky, rum, and hard cider exceeded six gallons per person per year. In 1826 the national organization, the American Temperance Society, was formed. This was followed six years later by th...

Small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Small business - Essay Example Purpose - ABS & Associates is a new brand within the United Kingdom consultancy industry that intends to provide fast, reliable accounting, technical and managerial assistance to local, national and international businesses. With ABS & Associates, we sell solutions & results. Our Objective: ABS & Associates short term objectives are to generate a margin of profit, grow at a challenging and manageable rate, and make a margin of 12% within the first few years of operation. Our long term objectives include ascending to the top five positions in the industry, become a leading auditing and consulting brand within Europe, capturing about 30% of the European and the UK consulting industry market share. The timing for setting up this business venture is the best. In the present phase of rampant accounting and auditing scandals coupled with stringent and ‘difficult to interpret and understand’ regulations set forth by regulatory bodies, the global financial crisis, ABS and Associates business consultancy intends to give prospective clients just the services they much desire to sail out of these huddles. The present niche market, existing demand from prospective clients, as well as personal desire nested at college to one day start our auditing and consulting business, the procurement and existence of highly professional and qualified Accountants at our reach and scope to support the business, give this venture a bright future. The proprietor of this business ABS, has masters degrees in Business Administration, is a Certified Public Accountants with thirteen years of professional experience in the Accounting/Auditing business. My desire of quality services and access to a pool of talented team of Accountants and Consultants will provide ABS & Associates with what it takes to make this venture an extremely successful one. (Bourdieu et al, 1984). In the light of our vision and mission statements, the growing reputation of the

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Essay Example Phylogenetic analysis of Mg-tetrapyrrole biosynthesis genes reveals that anoxygenic photosynthetic processes became evident in primitive organisms like certain bacteria before the oxygenic variety in other organisms like cyanobacteria (Xiong and Bauer, 2002). Joint analyses of the pigment genes and reaction centers have yielded stronger evidence to this effect (Xiong and Bauer, 2002). At the time when photosynthesis became a rudimentary process for energy storage in arcane organisms cellular respiration was still to evolve and the energy release mechanism for utilizing the photosynthetic stored energy used processes that sourced their electrons from suppliers other water (Todar, Undated). Later, genetic transfer mechanisms between endosymbiotic bacteria, their closest living relatives being the proteobacteria, and their pre-eukaryotic cellular hosts inducted cell organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (Simpson et al, 2002) into the pre-eukaryotic system and cellular respiratio n became possible. Some time during the endosymbiotic processes there was gene transfer from the bacteria to the pre-eukarytic cells whereby the bacterial genome was reduced and much of the remaining genetic materials got encoded in the cellular nucleus while, locally, some of the bacterial genetic materials were encoded within the organelle, mitochondrion or otherwise, to form localized DNA entirely associated with organelle function (Chihade et al, 2000). While the induction of the mitochondria into the pre-eukaryotic cells to produce the eukaryotic system shall be dealt with later in the paper a short comparison by organisms will now be made of photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes. Comparison: The following table will be used to compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the species of euglenoids that have primitive plastids (Borza et al, 2005). Euglenoids are either autotrophs, photosynthetic with chlorophyll a and b chloroplasts, or heterotrophs with parasitic or absorptive nutrition. Some of them also have motile mechanisms like flagella or cilia. It is notable that euglenoids with plastids acquired them through secondary endosymbiosis and, thus, the plastids are not as developed as those of more evolutionary advanced species (Borza et al, 2005). It is also notable that euglenoids with plastids also use absorptive nutrition, absorbing organic matter from their environs, as supplementary dietary processes. Though they may be photosynthetic they can respire both aerobically and anaerobically (Hoffmeister et al, 2004). Anaerobically, these organisms store energy in the form of fatty acids (waxes) that are broken down when oxygen becomes available more plentifully (Hoffmeister et al, 2004). This makes these organisms so interesting. It is notable that both photosynthesis and cellular respiration in euglenoids with chloroplasts are still not fully understood (Hoffmeister et al, 2004; Lonergan and Sargent, 1979). Nevertheless, these processes have been simplistically compared and contrasted in the following table. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Organism Euglena gracilis Euglena gracilis Energy Source Sunlight Chemical energy in sugars (anaerobic) and sugars/fatty acids

The Importance Of Sustainability In Hotels

The Importance Of Sustainability In Hotels Human activities over the past centuries have affected the earths ecosystem. Today, the negative consequences of human actions can be noticed everywhere. Being one of the larger industries in the world, the hospitality industry is an important contributor to these problems. In this report, Ill be focusing on what impacts humans have on the eco-system. Defining what sustainability truly is. How hotels can benefit from practising sustainability and what they could do to be sustainable with references. Human Impacts on the Planet To understand the magnitude of human impacts on the environment, economies, cultures and society, we must first understand the contributions of the travel and tourism sectors. Travel and tourism is one of the largest industries in the world, which is responsible for creating jobs, increasing a countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP), generating revenue worldwide and many more. It comes with positive and negative effects. In 2008, there were 922 million international tourist arrivals with tourism receipts of US$944 billion [8]. It is estimated that the global travel and tourism industry contributed 9.6 per cent of global GDP and 7.9 per cent of worldwide employment in 2008 [9]. Tourism and travel is also a vector of climate change, accounting for approximately 5 per cent of global carbon dioxide emissions. Our human footprint on earth is disrupting the biogeochemical cycle that has remained unchanged for millions of years. Lavish cities built on deserts irresponsibly waste our limited water supply and fragment habitats. Hotels wasting huge amounts of energy, water and food after being built upon habitats that contain life necessary to the biogeochemical cycle such as photoautotrophs and other primary producers. Excessive amounts of food are both consumed and wasted beyond our human needs. Another consequence of human activity is the changing climate. Human activity has caused increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases, which have led to increases in air and ocean temperatures, and global sea levels. As our planets natural resources become depleted, man is urged to become more responsible in their usage of non-renewable resources and look for other renewable resources either in the form of energy, water or raw materials. What is Sustainability? UNWTOs definition of sustainability is: Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability [9]. In simple terms, sustainability means: things can keep going, can sustain themselves, can continue into the future and go on forever. From a human perspective, sustainability for our planet means that it can continue to do what it was designed to do; provide fresh air, clean water, produce food and have a high quality of life. Unsustainability means that it cannot and that is where we are at now. There are four basic principles to follow to achieve sustainability. These could be seen as the care instructions for our planet. Reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and heavy metals. Reduce our dependence on synthetic chemicals that persist in nature. Reduce our destruction of nature. Ensure we are not stopping people globally on meeting their needs. Demand for the earth services: air, water and food increases as the population increases and living standards rise. But the earths ability to provide these services is declining because of the way we are living. In our search for prosperity, growth and success, we are destroying the system that we as humans are completely dependent on, nature. We humans have become a threat to our own way of life. The earth is a system and everything is connected, society, environment and economy. To live sustainably, we need to follow the four care instructions and apply them to everything we do at home and at work. Sustainable operation in hospitality can be defined as a hospitality operation that manages its resources in such a way that social, economic and environmental benefits are maximised in order to meet the need of the present generation while protecting and enhancing opportunities for future generations [2]. Many hotels today have recognised the negative effects their business activities have had on the environment and have taken steps to minimise or prevent those impacts from happening. Today, the term green hotels describes hotels that achieve to be more environmentally friendly through the efficient use of energy, water, and materials while providing quality services [10]. Green hotels conserve and preserve by saving water, reducing energy use, and reducing solid waste. They have seen benefits such as reduced costs and liabilities, high return and low-risk investments, increased profits, and positive cash flows [10]. Identifying these benefits and incentives has allowed the popularity of green hotels to grow. Using the Orchard Garden Hotel, San Francisco, as an example, what is so different about this hotel? Why is it green? The answer truly is that its green from the inside out. The concrete of the basement, and all the walls and floors have recycled contents in them. The carpet backing is 100 per cent recycled. The drapes, the sheets, curtains and bed spreads in the hotel are washable. This is very important because they do not have to use chemicals to keep them clean. The wood that Orchard Garden uses throughout the hotel is actually Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified maple and all the guestroom furniture is made out of that material. The beautiful wood panelling that you could see in the restaurant, lobby and hallway is actually recycled particle board. Another unique feature of the hotel is the key card management control system. Simply by slotting the key in a switch right by the front door in the guestroom will enable all the light switches, air-conditioning and heating. Or chard Garden also encourages their staff to implement green business practices. These are the things that you can truly do and it shows that it does not necessary cost more money to go green. (For more information, refer to case study, page 18) Why Should Hotels Practise Sustainability? Hotels, resorts, motels, hostels and other forms of accommodation are the largest sector of the travel and tourism industry, and it has been shown that hotels have the greatest negative impact on the environment compared to other commercial establishments. Implementing good environmental practices in hotel operations, including using biological resources more sustainably, can result in positive business benefits as well as make an important contribution to biodiversity conservation. Key business benefits include: Appealing to engaged consumers Tourists are increasingly motivated by sustainability and contributions to biodiversity conservation, as well as healthier environments and products. Reducing costs Good biodiversity practices can actually lower a hotels operating costs, by reducing expenses for resource procurement, usage and disposal. Improving the quality of the destination Destinations rich in biodiversity are attractive places, appeal to quality customers, and offer scope for biodiversity-based recreational activities. Improving employee productivity and sense of responsibility to the environment Employees are often strongly motivated by actions to enhance biodiversity; such motivation helps to increase employee productivity and loyalty, and can reduce staff turnover. Securing a hotels license to operate Implementing good practices for biodiversity demonstrates that a hotel cares about the environment and runs a responsible business, and can lead to increased support from government, staff and local communities. Attracting investment from socially responsible investors Investors want to be sure that their funds are invested in businesses that have good environmental records. Energy and Water Consumption, and Waste Created in the Hospitality Industry Hotels are one of the largest consumers of energy, which provide guests with high levels of comfort, services, facilities and amenities. On average, Americas 47,000 hotels spend $2,196 per available room each year on energy. This represents about 6 per cent of all operating costs. Through a strategic approach to energy efficiency, a 10 per cent reduction in energy consumption would have the same financial effect as increasing the average daily room rate by $0.62 in limited-service hotels and by $1.35 in full-service hotels [2]. Hotels are aware of their costly consumption of non-renewable energy, huge generation of wastes and excessive use of water, and are taking measures to be greener. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, there are 47,000 hotels that spend $2,196 per available room each year on energy which represents about 6 per cent of all operating costs [2]. Utilities make up 20 per cent of the average US hotels operating costs a huge percentage with a major impact on the bottom line and the environment. Inefficient use of lights, heating and air conditioning is one of the major culprits in this waste of resources. Solid waste generated by hotels comes in many sizes and forms. Wastes from 25 hotels were examined. The statistics showed that from 1991-1993 the hotel waste consisted of 46% food waste, 25.3% paper, 11.7% cardboard, 6.7% plastics, 5.6% glass, and 4.5% metals [10]. This gives a clear indication of the various forms of waste that a small number of hotels can be produced in a city. It is estimated that by 2010, water use will increase to approximately 475 gallons per day for each room in high luxury facilities [10]. This will continue to put more stress on an already stressed environment. The use of water will always be a vital part of the guests experience. However, hotels must take the initiative to inform guests of the impacts their actions would have on the environment. Energy Conservation Hotels can have large, costly energy requirements, especially in areas for cooling, heating, lighting and others. There are various alternatives and ways to conserve energy such as: Solar Power The application of the suns rays can be used for natural lighting, heating and capturing electricity through solar panels. Wind Power Wind turbines capture the kinetic energy stored in the wind, which is then converted into electricity, very similar to those used in farms. Hydropower Hydropower is electrical energy that is generated by using the flow of water through a turbine with a generator. Geothermal Power Geothermal power is energy that is gained by heat stored beneath the surface of the earth. Pumps bringing heat from beneath our feet can be used to directly heat hotels and other buildings or used as a source of power that drives steam turbines to produce electricity. Hotels worldwide are recognising the benefits of energy conservation and are undertaking projects to tap onto these benefits, and doing their part to save the environment. Choices made when purchasing equipment can have a major impact on the hotels operating expenses and on the environment; therefore, it is important that efficiency be considered before purchasing energy intensive equipment. For example, the Solar Valley Micro-E Hotel, Dezhou City, eastern China, is the worlds largest solar-powered hotel. It has thousands of permanent solar panels and solar heat pipe collectors to harvest the energy from the sun, and stores enough energy to sustain 70 per cent of its needs. The Hyatt Regency International Hotel in New Zealand understood that guests often left appliances and heating and cooling systems on when they were out of their rooms. The hotel developed a project to link energy use with room occupancy. Now when a guest leaves the room, all energy appliances shut down, with the exception of refrigerators, alarm clocks, and other essential appliances. The project costs were $16,000, while the payback period was only 14 months, with savings of $14,000 annually [10]. About 40 per cent of the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louises electricity needs are met by wind and hydro electricity. Since 1999, they have been using green power derived from sources such as wind, hydro and biomass. They produce little or no greenhouse gas emissions and have minimal environmental impacts. The Sheraton Auckland Hotel and Towers realised that the daily washing of sheets, towels, flannels, tablecloths, and other linens accounted for 35% of the energy consumed in the laundry process, while drying consumed 65%. The hotel simply changed the temperature of the wash from 85 degrees Celsius to 65 degrees Celsius. This change saved $2,000 in energy costs in the first 3 months alone, and the linens came out just as clean. This project, in addition to reducing energy costs, reduced the use of washing chemicals and decreased pollution of the hotel wastewater. Also, allowing the hotel guests the option of having linens washed every other day rather than daily can significantly assist in energy and water conservation [10]. A hotel can have thousands of individual light bulbs and may use 30 per cent of its total electricity. Lighting is the second largest energy consumption system in a hotel and presents one of the best opportunities for energy savings by doing some simple upgrades. By making upgrades in guest rooms, common areas and behind-the-scenes areas, a hotel can see immediate, consistent savings with no impact on the overall guest experience. Ways to save electricity: Replacing traditional incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs can reduce maintenance and cut lighting costs. CFLs last many times longer and use five times lesser energy than a traditional light bulb. A compact fluorescent light used in place of an incandescent light that is left on continuously for 12 months, all 8,760 hours of the year, will pay for itself in less than one year [10]. Install motion sensors or key-activating systems in rooms. With such a system the room lights will always be off when unoccupied, without inconveniencing the guest. When upgrading lighting systems in common areas, consider installing new control systems to manage lighting in large areas. Computerised lighting controls will allow hotel operators to provide the ideal level of lighting based on the time of day, event or situation. This will prevent unnecessarily high lighting levels or unneeded lighting. Hotels should educate their staff to switch off lights and turn down heating or air-conditioning when rooms are unused. Simple actions like closing the drapes during the summer months can save the hotel money in air-conditioning costs. Install films on windows, which will lower heating and cooling loads. Window films can also reduce the glare in guestrooms. Use proper insulation and reflective roof coverings. This can save in heating and cooling costs. Purchase appliances, which are Energy Star certified wherever possible. In laundry areas, remove old washing machines and replace them with both energy and water conserving models. Use natural daylight in lobby, bar and restaurant for as much as possible. Consider installing skylights. Exterior lighting can be used as a design element and can have dramatic effects. However, consider adding timers, which would switch off the lights at times like 3am, when no one is around to impress. Install solar water heating systems for heated pools. Use covers to cover hot tubs and pools when the areas are closed, this will reduce evaporation. Exit signs, such as LED, when installed throughout a building can save hundreds or even thousands of dollars in energy and maintenance costs. Use an energy management system (EMS), which is designed to control the mechanical equipment in the hotel, thereby saving utilities such as gas and electricity. This system determines when air-conditioning or heating can be switched on/off or up/down. As soon as the guest enters the room, his room key card is inserted in a slot behind the door. Electricity for the light and the air-conditioner will now be activated. As soon as the guest leaves the room the utilities will be automatically switched off. The energy consumption of the hotel can be monitored by comparing reports generated by the energy management system and the front office. For example, if occupancy levels are not high the energy consumption should be lower and visa versa. In kitchens, use smaller convection ovens to replace oversized conventional ovens. If available, schedule an energy audit with the local energy provider or energy auditor. Water Conservation Water conservation is just as important as energy conservation. Fresh clean water is one of the most valuable commodity on earth. Using improved technologies hotels can deliver equal or better services to guests using less water. From a guests perspective, the use of water is a vital part of his or her experience. Any water restrictions would result in guests being unhappy and so maintaining adequate water comfort must be central to all water management strategies. Ways to save water: Start a linen reuse programme for towels and sheets in all guest rooms. Giving the option to guests to choose whether or not they want to reuse their towels and sheets, which can save huge amounts of water and reduce chemical wastage. Laundry washers, which use final rinse water for prewashing of the next load of laundry. Install low-flow showerheads and sink aerators. 2.5 gallons per minute (GPM) showerheads and 1.5 GPM aerators are recommended for water savings and guest satisfaction respectively. The latest generation of sink taps is equipped with infrared sensors that automatically turn off when a person walks away or when the allotted quantity per wash has been delivered. Install low-flow toilets or toilet-tank fill diverters. The THC Rotorua Hotel in New Zealand had urinals that flushed automatically every nine minutes. Each flush used 10 liters of water. This added up to 66 litres per hour, regardless of whether the urinals had been used or not. The total consumption for three urinals was 4,740 daily [2]. After realising the huge water cost, the hotel installed detectors that could sense when someone is using the urinals, and allow flushing to occur after being used. This greatly reduced the water usage from 66 litres per hour to 40 litres during the day and 20 litres in the night. For gardens, watering should take place either early in the morning or later in the day to reduce the possibility of evaporation in hot weather. Switch to drought resistant plants. Replace mowed landscaping with artificial ground cover or native ground cover. Pool covers will reduce evaporation and have the added advantage of reducing heat loss in cooler climates. To reduce water use, consider rainwater harvesting and/or a greywater system. Properties investing in fountains and water features should turn off appliances at night and consider the use of greywater. In kitchens, use a food-thawing machine instead of running water over foods for faster thawing. Water conservation urges hotels to use improved practices that will reduce and enhance the beneficial use of water, addressing the technical and human side of water management issues. For example, The Houston-based Green Hotels Association observed water use in the San Antonio-based La Quinta Inn. Through a one-month period, the hotel showed an average of 100 gallons of water being used per guest per billing period. The chain totaled more than a billion gallons in the first nine months in 1996. La Quinta Inn then installed low-flow showerheads and aerating faucets in each room, resulting in a saving of $1.50 per room per month. Replacing all toilets with ultra-flow toilets at a cost of $3,250 showed a payback in 2.1 years and annual water saving of 180,000 gallons per year [10]. Waste Reduction The hospitality industry creates tons and tons of waste each year due to its mass facilities, amenities and services provided to their guests. To give an indication of the size of waste created, The European Union produces 1.3 billion tons of waste each year. In other words, 3.5 tons of refuse and liquid or solid waste per European citizen, nearly a third of this food waste for which the food service industry has a responsibility. Another 40 45 million tons of this huge mountain of waste is classed as hazardous, or particularly dangerous [2]. In response to current trends, hotel owners and operators are analyzing ways to make changes in operations to cut waste disposal costs, protect the environment and increase guest loyalty. A few proactive hotel corporations have mandated hotel environmental programmes such as water and energy efficiency and more recently, waste reduction and recycling. Ways to reduce waste: To increase guest involvement, place recycling instructions in guest rooms and locate recycling collection containers in convenient locations in convention halls and public areas throughout the hotel. Always place a trash container along side of the recycling container in public areas to avoid trash being thrown in the recycling bin. Buy guest amenity and office products that contain recycled material. Provide amenities such as shower caps, shoe wipes on request. Shred office paper and use it to package shipments. Decrease the number of hard copies of documents by establishing a central filing system to store documents. Use recycled, unbleached and chlorine-free paper products, and try to minimise the amount of paper used by staff and guests. Print with soy-based inks, which are less harmful to the environment. Purchase vacuum cleaners with reusable bags versus disposables ones. Reduce the need for pesticide applications in guest rooms and employee work areas by removing food containers, garbage and recycling containers daily; clean employee break rooms daily to remove crumbs and spills; and report cracks around doors and windows to the engineering department for repairs to prevent crawling pests from entering. Re-dye stained bath towels and washcloths for reuse as pool towels and cleaning cloths. Re-dye linens and carpet to match remodeled decor. Re-dye tablecloths and napkins to match new color schemes when remodeling; reuse worn table linens as cleaning rags or remake into aprons, laundry bags, mattress covers. Provide reusable items such as cloth napkins, glass cups, ceramic dishes, etc. with all food and beverage services. Just by using glass or plastic coasters can reduce cocktail napkin waste, and by providing mugs for coffee instead of disposable cups can play a large part in conserving the environment. Purchase refrigerators, freezers, and coolers which are CFC-free. Donate leftover food to a local non-profit organisation. Consider using a compost bin. Purchase cleaning products with less hazardous constituents. Use a hazardous chemical containment pan to prevent leaching of unused chemicals. Donate leftover guest amenities, old furniture and appliances to charities. Refinish and reupholster damaged and dated furniture. Use dry, concentrated dishwasher chemicals in dispensers to reduce chemical spills and waste. Most guests are pleased to see the use of products made from recycled materials, energy efficient light bulbs, low-flow showerheads and recycling programmes in hotels and restaurants that they patronise. Hotel managers report that most guests are willing to participate in the hotels recycling efforts. No matter how well planned the hotels waste reduction and recycling initiatives may be, they probably wont succeed without the support of the hotel department managers and staff. Successful hotel recycling programmes require employee involvement, training and recognition. Involve all employees in the recycling programme. They are already disposing of waste as they perform their daily jobs. Recycling is simply disposing of job related waste in a different container from the one used for trash. Hotels should seek their ideas in organising the recycling programme and for methods of collecting and storing the materials. Employees are more likely to support a programme that they understand and have helped design. Case Study The Orchard Garden Hotel Location: 466 Bush Street, San Francisco, California 94108 Management Company: Portfolio Hotels Resorts, LLC Number of Guests Rooms: 86 rooms Awards and Certifications: San Francisco Green Business Green Seal Certified Silver LEED certified U.S. Green Building Council Best Organic Restaurant in San Francisco British Airways Tourism Located in the heart of San Francisco, the Orchard Garden Hotel is near the Financial District, Union Square, and the Chinatown gate. At 10 stories, the 56,000-square-foot building includes 86 guestrooms and a 56-seat restaurant and bar. The hotel opened in 2006, and in 2007, it became the third hotel in the U.S. and the fourth hotel in the world to earn LEED certification from the U.S. Green Building Council. Among the Orchard Gardens most innovative features is the key card. After allowing guests into their room, the card becomes a powerful energy-management system. Guests activate the rooms lighting and mechanical systems by inserting the card into a slot near the door. When they leave the room, they remove the card from the box, turning off all systems except for one outlet, which can be used to charge laptops or cell phones. The system, which cost about $37,000 to install, was anticipated to save nearly 20 per cent in energy costs, paying for itself in two years. Since the building is located in an urban centre, multiple public-transit lines stop within walking distance of the hotel. The hotel also features bicycle stalls for both employees and guests, and employees who cycle to work are welcome to use a guestroom shower. High levels of insulation reduce sound transmission between rooms while improving energy efficiency. More than 80 per cent of all regularly occupied spaces are day lit, reducing the need for electric lighting, and a roof terrace strengthens visitors sense of connection to the natural environment. The project team selected materials for their recycled content, regional origin, and low chemical emissions. Materials used in the project include concrete made with flyash in place of some of the cement, wood certified to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards, and low-emitting carpeting made with recycled content. During the construction process, the project team diverted 77 per cent of all waste, by weight, from the landfill. The entire hotel is designated tobacco-free. Housekeeping staff use green cleaning products, and all fabrics, selected for their low chemical emissions, are machine-washed to avoid the use of dry-cleaning chemicals. Bins in each room encourage guests to recycle, and the hotel uses recycled paper and soy-based inks for their printed materials. Thanks to these and other strategies, the hotel has been recognised by the San Francisco Green Business Programme and certified according to Green Seals standard for lodging properties. Conclusion For a hotel to change its traditional ways of operating and to accept sustainability will take time. Being sustainable is not costly and does not really have a slow payback rate. A hotel can start its journey in becoming green by implementing simple changes, policies and services such as providing your guests with bicycles, walking maps to encourage them to do something that is more environmentally friendly and healthy. Creating an incentive programme to encourage your staff to participate in and improve upon environmentally friendly practices. Replacing a simple incandescent light bulb with a CFL. Coming up with creative ways to reward hotel guests for being green. One great example is Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers offers a free meal to guests who generate 10 watt hours of electricity on the gym bicycle [12]. These are only a few examples of what hotels could do, while some steps may be small, none are insignificant. If we can follow the four basic principles (page 4) to achieve sustainability, we can work together to be sustainable. We will all have a better quality of life, we will waste less, we will pollute less and we will create more things we value in society while improving our planets chance of providing us with the very things we need to survive.

Euthanasia And Self Determination :: Free Euthanasia Essay

When speaking in terms of legalized euthanasia, and self-determination, Callahan feels that people should make decisions for themselves according to their own beliefs as to what comprises the good life. (pg. 226) He also states that we will, one way or another, die of some disease and that death will have dominian over all of us. (pg. 227) The meaning of this is no matter what we are all destined to die. In the case of death he first looks at suicide. This is when a person takes his or her own life, without the assistance of another. Euthansia, is a decision made between 2 people, the one being killed and the one doing the killing. He takes the stand that the very idea someone would waive their right to life, and then give another the power to take that life, requires a justification yet to be provided to him or by anyone. ( pg. 226) Should anyone want to end their life for any reason it can definitely be achieved. Callahan feels that doctors of medicine should not be given the right to end lives of people who no longer feel life is worth living and that euthanasia should only be utilized only to releive the pain of an incurable disease. (pg. 228) It is not medicines, place to lift from us the burden of suffering, which turns on the meaning we assign the decay (or natural aging process) of the body and its eventual death. It is not it’s place to determine when lives are not worth living or when the burden of life has become to great to be borne. (pg. 229) Hence he is saying that physicians should not be allowed to be the sole person making judgements about who should be allowed to live or die, in any situation. The person who knows that he or she is infected and chooses to forego treatment has decided to commit suicide. The flipside of this is the person who infected the individual initally, knowing that they were infectious decided to end the other persons life for them. This by our standards ehis would be murder. However, should both parties know about the infectious process then a form of euthanasia between two consenting individuals has be obtained, whether during the act of sex, or sharing needles in drug addiction. Bayer and Callahan both agree that a person or group of people having their own beliefs and cultural habits need to be addressed with that in mind.

Chemistry Assignment Essay

Metals are mined from ores, considering yield to see if it is economically viable for a business to mine at a particular site. However, due to environmental damage and global warming, recycling has increased globally to create a sustainable future. By examining the cost and energy expenditure of recycling and extracting aluminium we can understand why recycling is a better choice than extracting metal from its ore. Discuss the importance of predicting yield in the identification, mining and extraction of commercial ore deposits Yield is the amount of product obtained or in mining terms how much (amount) a particular metal can be extracted from an ore (a deposit of minerals in which a commercial metal can be extracted from). Predicting yield in the processes of identification, mining and extraction is vital to the success of a business. For a business to compete with the global markets, the investment must be profitable and in some cases sustainable to last year’s into the future. Percentage composition is used widely in the mining industries to calculate and measure the yield of particular metal from an ore. For example, haematite (Fe2O3), a compound consisting only of iron and oxygen, can theoretically produce around 70% iron while chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), consisting only of copper, iron and sulphur can produce theoretically 35% copper. However if we express yield as a percentage of the ore dug out, an iron ore would only contain about 16% iron and for a copper ore only contain 1-5% copper. This is because an ore dug out of the ground contains unwanted minerals like dirt, rocks and other waste products which add to the mass of the required mineral ;giving a low yield percentage. Since compounds like chalcopyrite and haematite have uniform composition, ores are mixtures of useful minerals and other waste products which have variable composition (different location will yield different amounts of metals). This will affect if it is economical to mine the ore at a particular location and hence demonstrate that predicting yield is important. Predicting yield in the process of mining and extraction is important, whether extracting the metal from the ore or actually mining it, because it can determine if it is profitable or not. Extraction techniques must be efficient and sustainable. Copper is extracted through roasting it with oxygen before smelting it to form liquid copper. It is then reduced by bubbling air into the liquid copper to reduce copper sulphide to copper metal. Since this sulphur dioxide doesn’t escape fast enough, it forms blister copper with is 98% copper. Electrolysis is used to refine it. Due the significant amount of energy required and the cost involved it may seem copper is unprofitable. Yet if the copper price is high, the consumption is high, location is not far from refinery plants and factories that use copper, if there is a steady sustainable source(abundance) of copper ore and the extraction technique is efficient plus cost effective then a profit can be gained from the high cost of extraction, transport and the money needed to pay for the energy consumption. For a copper ore site to be economical it must contain at least 5% of copper or more. Haematite is extracted through reducing it with carbon monoxide to form iron (metal) which falls to the bottom of the blast furnace. Limestone is also heated in the blast furnace which decomposes and reacts with silica to form a slag that floats on the liquid iron, hence stopping iron from reacting with oxygen. High heat is needed to separate iron from oxygen since iron is reactive to oxygen and sand and limestone is needed to prevent the union of these two elements. Hence for haematite to be economically viable an ore must contain at least 20% iron as the energy needed to extract the metal is large and the world’s demand for iron is great. Since iron ore price is relatively high, a profit can be obtained from deposits of iron ore that contain more than 20% of iron. Hence predicting the yield of ore deposits is important to determine if it is profitable to mine. Justify the increased recycling of metals in our society and across the World Recycling is a process that changes waste materials into new products. In recent years, recycling of metals has increased dramatically in Australia and across the world. This is because we are more aware that recycling metals saves money, energy and causes far less pollution compared to extracting metals from ores. This is also spurred on by the fact that our metal ore deposits are depleting (going to run out) if we mine and extract metals at this rate. Hence recycling has been encouraged by organisation like Planet Ark and this has helped spread the message of the benefits of recycling instead of putting money into extracting and mining ores. ‘Reusing and recycling’ metals allow us to conserve these precious commodities so it would be available for the future generation. Demand for metals will increase as new technology will be discovered. Hence recycling is needed to return back old and useless appliance so it can be made it new useful products. Figure 1: It shows froth floatation Note: The vast amount of water used during the process Generally recycling metals use less energy (melting material requires the breaking of weak intermolecular bonds), water and cost less (less energy is needed to break the intermolecular bonds hence the cost will be minimised and new products with recycled material would be cheaper). Energy used in metal extraction comes from coal, oil or gas (as high temperatures are needed to break strong Intramolecular bonds). These fuels are non-renewable and are limited. It also releases large amounts of greenhouse gases when burnt which can cause global warming. Water is used extensively in mining during froth floatation (figure 1). This water can be better spent for human consumption as some countries are experiencing drought and this can cause famine (Africa). Also, harmful chemicals used in the extraction of some metals can seep into the soil and water making it toxic to fauna, flora and humans (figure 1. 1). Figure 1. 1: Acid mine water pollution For example, Bauxite (aluminium ore) is mined near tropical forest. This can cause irreversible damage to the environment as natural vegetation is destroyed, leaving soil bare and subjected to erosion. It can scar the land(figure 2)(removing so much soil and rock that leaves a gigantic hole in the landscape) and since many chemical process need to take place before aluminium is extracted, slag (unwanted metals) are left behind and pollutants are released into the atmosphere adding to global warming. Figure 2: Shows a mine that is extracting metals Note: The extensive invasion of the land and that it is irreversible. But recycling aluminium on the other hand doesn’t scar the land. Little to no pollution occurs and natural vegetation and fauna are not disrupted. Large amounts of rubbish are no produced and water is not needed. For every 1 tonne of aluminium that is recycled, 5 tonne of bauxite is conserved. Metals make up a small percentage of the ore. A large percentage of the ore is the gangue (consisting of dirt, sand and other material) which ends up in landfills. This reduces the space for cities to expand, limiting the number of farms and communities that can be developed and cause overcrowding. Recycling metals doesn’t take up space; hence reduces landfill, as scrap metals are mostly recycled back to make new products. Since ores are non-renewable resources (created by the Big bang and there is no way of returning it to Earth’s crust) it is conserved, reducing the amount of mines opened and environmental impacts that it is associated with. As ores high in metal concentration decrease, the cost of processing ever less pure ores increase. To compensate for the increase in less pure ores, more must be mined. This increases the price of ores making it a valuable resource which is expensive to the consumer. Recycling metals helps to lower the prices of these ores, as the metal is reused without having to mine for new ores. Metals are used worldwide for a variety of purposes from soft drink cans to aircraft bodies. Australia has recycled 63% of aluminium cans; nearly two billion cans a year with a total value estimated to be 33 million dollars. America has recycled in excess of 62. 6 billion cans in the year 2004, worth more than one billion dollars back into the economy. Since recycled aluminium is exported to other countries, Australia benefits as it generate large amounts of money; positively impacting on Australia economy and its benefit flowing into society. However, recycling can only be done if used material is collected from scattered location. The ore on the other hand is confined to one location (the mining site); where factories are often close by to produce products from the freshly extracted metals. But once the product hits the shelves it is scattered across many different countries and throughout communities. It is hard to keep track of all these products as some end up in landfill, waterways or in the people’s backyard. Collecting used material for recycling would cost money as trucks are needed to transport scrap metal to recycling centres. Hence energy (fuel) is needed to operate this machinery. In recent years (figure3), the media has focused on recycling aluminium drink cans because they are widely used and commonly dispersed inappropriately throughout the community. E. g. In waterways, storm drains and in the ocean. Recycling of others metal like iron, steel, copper and lead have always been significant but never reported as it is mainly used at an industrial/commercial level rather than by consumers. However since iron rust, it can be returned to the environment, but aluminium doesn’t corrode (if it does, it forms an oxide layer that actually protects it from further oxidation) it ends up in landfill; taking up space. The only way to ‘get rid of it’ is to recycle it so it can be made into new products. Notice that recycling of lead and ferrous materials have decreased Figure 3: Shows recycling metals Notice that when metals are recycled they can be reused to make different products. Recycling is a sustainable process, saving the environment from pollution, money, conserving natural resources and reduces landfill. Energy is also reduced as recycling requires less energy than extracting a metal from its ore. This will ensure that future generations will be able to enjoy a better standard of living. Analyse information to compare the cost and energy expenditure involved in the extraction of aluminium from its ore and the recycling of aluminium The recycling of aluminium is cost-effective and uses less energy compared to extraction of aluminium from bauxite. To extract bauxite, land must be cleared for mining. Heavy equipment like bulldozers, hydraulic excavators and explosives are used to clear and mine the ore. These equipment cost considerable amount of money and use vast amount of energy (fuel) to operate. Transporting trucks, ships, railway cars are used to transport ores to extracting facilities or shipped to other countries; cost money and again energy (fuel) is needed to power these machines. Notice the size of the person compared to the truck.